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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are elements represented by? |
1 or 2 letters |
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What are the 6 main elements in the body? and how much of body weight do they represent? |
O, C, H, N, Ca, P 98.5% |
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What are the 6 other elements in the body?How much body weight do they represent? |
S, K, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe 0.8% |
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What are the remaining 12 elements called? |
Trace Elements |
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What are the trace elements? |
Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn,Mo, Si, Sn, V, Zn |
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Minerals |
inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants |
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What is the nucleus of an atom composed of? |
Protons and Neutrons |
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What determines the chemical property of an atom? |
Electrons |
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What does the outermost shell in an electron shell determine? |
The bonding of an atom |
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Isotopes |
Elements which differ in number of neutrons |
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Do all elements behave the same chemically? |
Yes |
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Radioisotopes |
Isotopes that are unstable and decay to more stable isotopes by giving off radiation |
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Ionizing radiation |
High energy radiation that destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues |
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Ions |
Anion can be a single atom with a positive or negative charge, a groupof atoms or as large as a protein with many charges |
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Anions |
particles that gainelectrons and acquire a negative charge |
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Cations |
Particles that loose electrons and acquire a positive charge |
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What do ions with opposite charge do? |
Attract and follow one another around the body |
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Electrolytes |
compounds that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity |
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What are electrolytes important for? |
Chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical effects |
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Free Radicals |
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons |
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What are free radicals produced by? |
normal metabolic reactions and combine with molecules converting them into free radicals |
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Antioxidant |
a chemical that neutralizes free radicals |
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Molecules |
particles composed of two or more atoms united by a bond |
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compounds |
substance formed when two or morechemical elements are chemically bonded together |
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Chemical bonds |
forces that hold a molecule together and attract molecules to one another |
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Ionic bond |
weak attraction of a cation and an anion that easily dissociates in the presence of something more attractive |
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Covalent bond |
attraction between atoms formed by the sharing of electrons |
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Hydrogen bond |
weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen |
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Hydrophillic |
Dissolves in water |
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Hydrophobic |
Doesn't dissolve in water |
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Adhesion |
water adheres to the body tissues and forms lubricating film |
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Cohesion |
the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other |
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Surface tension |
a force that holds water moelcules together so they form an elastic layer |
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chemical reactivity |
water participates in chemical reactions by ionizing other chemicals |
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Solution |
particles (solute) under 1nm mixed with liquid (solvent) |
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Colloids |
particles 1 to 100 nm mixed with a liquid |
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Suspension |
particles larger than 100 nm mixed with liquid |
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How can you measure the concentration of solutions? |
Percentages: weight/volume or volume/volume Molarity: molecules/volume |
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Acid range |
7.0-0 |
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Basic range |
7.0-14.0 |
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pure water PH |
7 |
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Potential energy |
energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but it is not doing work at the time |
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Kinetic Energy |
Energy of motion, energy that is doing work |
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Chemical energy |
potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules |
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Chemical reactions |
release of energy and make it available for work |
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Classes of chemical reactions Decomposition Synthesis Exchange |
Decomposition: A large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules Synthesis: Small molecules combine to form a larger one Exchange: two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms |
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Metabolism |
all chemical reactions in the body |
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catabolism |
the break down of molecules |
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anabolism |
energy storing synthesis reactions that require energy input |
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Carbon can form how many bonds? |
4 |
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Can carbon form with other carbon? |
Yes |
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Who does carbon commonly bond with? |
H, O, N, S |
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Functional groups |
small clusters of atoms attaches to a carbon backbone with determine properties of an organic molecule |
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Hydroxyl |
OH |
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Methyl |
CH3 |
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Carboxyl |
COOH |
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Amino |
NH2 |
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Phosphate |
H2PO4 |
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Monomers |
subunits |
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Dehydration synthesis |
OH group is removed from a monomer and a -H from another producing H2O and forming a covalent bond between them |
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Hydrolisis |
Water ionizes to OH and H+, covalent bond is broken between monomers with OH added to one monomer and H+ added to another |
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Carbohydrate |
hydrophillic organic molecule with the general formula (CH2O)n where n represents the number of carbon atoms |
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What are the simplies carhbohydrates that are monomers called |
monosaccharides |
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What are the three primary monosaccharides? |
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose |