Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2 Review

Front 1

What are the 4 elements that all living things are made of?

Back 1

1. Nitrogen
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Carbon

Front 2

One of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds.

Back 2

Element

Front 3

Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Back 3

Atom

Front 4

Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united.

Back 4

Compound

Front 5

Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

Back 5

Molecule

Front 6

The average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element.

Back 6

Atomic weight

Front 7

Process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down.

Back 7

Chemical reaction

Front 8

Sum total of the chemical reactions occuring in the body cells.

Back 8

Metabolism

Front 9

Energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.

Back 9

Anabolism

Front 10

Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances.

Back 10

Catabolism

Front 11

A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution; a proton donor.

Back 11

Acid

Front 12

A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor.

Back 12

Base

Front 13

The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Back 13

pH

Front 14

Chemical substance or system that minimmizes changes in pH by realeasing or binding hydrogen ions.

Back 14

Buffer

Front 15

Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds.

Back 15

Organic compound

Front 16

Chemical substances that do not contain carbon.

Back 16

Inorganic

Front 17

Chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current.

Back 17

Electrolyte

Front 18

An ion carrying one or more negative charges and therefore attracted to a positive pole, electron acceptor.

Back 18

Anion

Front 19

An ion with a positive charge, electron donor.

Back 19

Cation

Front 20

What are 3 types of bonds?

Back 20

1. Hydrogen
2. Ionic
3. Covalent

Front 21

A chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more elctrons from one atom to the other.

Back 21

Ionic bond

Front 22

Electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms.

Back 22

Covalent bond

Front 23

A hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to one electronegative atom, is attracted by another electon-hungry atom, so that a "bridge" forms between them.

Back 23

Hydrogen bond

Front 24

Unequal sharing of electrons.

Back 24

Polar covalent bond.

Front 25

Equal sharing of electrons.

Back 25

Nonpolar covalent bond

Front 26

Large carbohydrate or protein molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules, a water molevule is removed for every bond formed.

Back 26

Dehydration synthesis

Front 27

A water molecule is added to each bond to be broken; water splitting.

Back 27

Hydrolysis

Front 28

An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-.

Back 28

Salt

Front 29

What is the ph of blood?

Back 29

7.4

Front 30

What are the 5 major of organic molecules?

Back 30

1. ATP
2. Nucleic Acids
3. Proteins
4. Lipids
5. Carbohydrates

Front 31

The capacity to do work.

Back 31

Energy

Front 32

The sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons in an atom.

Back 32

Mass number

Front 33

Different atomic forms of the same element. (Vary in # of neutrons)

Back 33

Isotope

Front 34

The time required for a radioisotope to lose one-half of its activty.

Back 34

Half-life

Front 35

How many electrons are in shells 1, 2, and 3?

Back 35

Shell 1= 2
Shell 2= 8
Shell 3= 18

Front 36

Atoms are stable; unreactive.

Back 36

Inert

Front 37

All ions are _______.

Back 37

Electrolytes

Front 38

Name 2 inorganic compounds that do have Carbon.

Back 38

Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide

Front 39

Chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units, which are joined together by dehydration synthesis.

Back 39

Polymer

Front 40

Subunits of polymers.

Back 40

Monomers

Front 41

A group of molecules that includes sugars and starches.

Back 41

Carbohydrates

Front 42

"One sugar."

Back 42

Monosccharide

Front 43

"Two sugars."

Back 43

Disaccharide

Front 44

"Many sugars."

Back 44

Polysaccharide

Front 45

Carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are linked together by _______.

Back 45

Dehydration synthesis

Front 46

Example of a monosaccharide.

Back 46

Glucose

Front 47

Example of a disaccharide.

Back 47

Sucrose

Front 48

Examples of polysaccharides.

Back 48

Plant: Starch
Animal: Glycogen

Front 49

Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Back 49

Lipid

Front 50

Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol.

Back 50

Triglycerides

Front 51

Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

Back 51

Saturated fats

Front 52

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

Back 52

Unsaturated fats

Front 53

Modified lipid, contains phosphorous.

Back 53

Phospholipid

Front 54

Flat molecules amde of four interlocking hydrocaron rings.

Back 54

Steroids

Front 55

Steroid found in animal fats as well as in most body tissues; made by the liver.

Back 55

Cholesterol

Front 56

Two types of steroids.

Back 56

1. Cholesterol
2. Sex hormones

Front 57

An excessively acid condition of the body fluids or tissues

Back 57

Acidosis

Front 58

An excessively alkaline condition of the body fluids or tissues that may cause weakness or cramps.

Back 58

Alkalosis

Front 59

A severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape.

Back 59

Sickle cell anemia

Front 60

Organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types include enzumes, structural components; 10-30% of cell mass.

Back 60

Protein

Front 61

Proteins are long chains of _______ joined together by dehydration synthesis.

Back 61

Amino acids

Front 62

Hydrogen bonds begin to break when the pH drops or the temperature rises above normal levels, causing proteins to unfold and lose their speficic three dimensional shape.

Back 62

Denatured

Front 63

The largest molecules in the body composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

Back 63

Nucleic Acids

Front 64

Two nucleic acids.

Back 64

1. DNA
2. RNA

Front 65

_______ make up nucleic acids.

Back 65

Nucleotides

Front 66

Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells.

Back 66

ATP

Front 67

What is ATP made up of?

Back 67

Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphate groups