Anatomy & Physiology Paramedic Chapter 2

Front 1

Movement of a chemical by the use of energy through a gradient, such as a cell membrane, in concentration or electrical potential. This movement is opposite the normal movement by diffusion.

Back 1

Active Transport

Front 2

The major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body.

Back 2

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 3

A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat.

Back 3

Adipose Tissue

Front 4

The anterior surface at the bend of the elbow.

Back 4

Antecubital Fossa

Front 5

Area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the madible.

Back 5

Anterior Triangle

Front 6

A division of the skeletal system, which includes the extremities ahd their attachments to the body.

Back 6

Appendicular Region

Front 7

A division of the skeletal system, which includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Back 7

Axial Region

Front 8

The armpit.

Back 8

Axilla

Front 9

A compnent of the nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body.

Back 9

Axon

Front 10

The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that secures the overlying epithelial tissues.

Back 10

Basement Membrane

Front 11

Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems.

Back 11

Body Cavities

Front 12

Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses.

Back 12

Cardiac Muscle

Front 13

Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein.

Back 13

Carotid Triangle

Front 14

Plates of shiny conective tissue that are lubricated by synovial fluid, which provides a slippery surface over which the bones may move freely.

Back 14

Cartilage

Front 15

A strcture that surrounds protoplasm, consisting of the fatty substances that seperate one cell from its neighbors; also called the plasma membrane.

Back 15

Cell Membrane

Front 16

Made up of protoplasm or cytoplasm, specialized for particular functions, these are the building blocks of life.

Back 16

Cells

Front 17

Organelles that are essential in cell division.

Back 17

Centrioles

Front 18

Structures containing DNA within the cell's nucleus. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Back 18

Chromosomes

Front 19

Hair-like microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface.

Back 19

Cilia

Front 20

A fluid-filled body cavity that contains organs and connective tissue.

Back 20

Coelom

Front 21

Rows of tall, thin epithelial cells.

Back 21

Columnar

Front 22

The difference in concentrations of a substance on either side of a selectively permeable membrane.

Back 22

Concentration Gradient

Front 23

The hollow portion of the skull.

Back 23

Cranial Cavity

Front 24

Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis.

Back 24

Crenation

Front 25

Rows of square-shaped epithelial cells.

Back 25

Cuboidal

Front 26

A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called protoplasm.

Back 26

Cytoplasm

Front 27

A component of the nerve cell that recieves electricl impulses and conducts them toward the cell body.

Back 27

Dendrite

Front 28

The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell's nucleus.

Back 28

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Front 29

Sweating.

Back 29

Diaphoresis

Front 30

Movement of particles or solutes from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Back 30

Diffusion

Front 31

The two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set donated by each parent, found in all cells, except sperm and ova cells, which only contain a total of 23 chromosomes.

Back 31

Diploid

Front 32

Potentially life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances.

Back 32

Dysrhythmias

Front 33

Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (ie, water). Chemicals dissolved in the blood.

Back 33

Electrolytes

Front 34

Negatively charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom.

Back 34

Electrons

Front 35

The smallest unit of a single chemical substance, such as Hydrogen, Oxygen, or Potassium.

Back 35

Element

Front 36

The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cell's protoplasm.

Back 36

Endocytosis

Front 37

A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured.

Back 37

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 38

The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles.

Back 38

Exocytosis

Front 39

Substances located outside of the cell membrane.

Back 39

Extracellular

Front 40

Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body's supply of sodium is contained.

Back 40

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Front 41

Process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration.

Back 41

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 42

A process of the movement of water out of plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space.

Back 42

Filtration

Front 43

A tail-like microtubule structure capable of motion to propel the cell.

Back 43

Flagellum

Front 44

Areas in the infant's skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed.

Back 44

Fontanels

Front 45

Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body.

Back 45

Girdles

Front 46

A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins.

Back 46

Golgi Complex

Front 47

The 23 chromosomes found in a sperm or ova cell.

Back 47

Haploid

Front 48

An abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural cavity following trauma.

Back 48

Hemothorax

Front 49

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiologic environment.

Back 49

Homeostasis

Front 50

Blood pressure in the vessel walls created by the heart beating pushes the water out of the capillary into the interstitial space.

Back 50

Hydrostatic Pressure

Front 51

Abnormal elevation of serum potassium levels.

Back 51

Hyperkalemia

Front 52

An abnormally high sodium level in the blood.

Back 52

Hypernatremia

Front 53

A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in marked hyperglycemia but the abscence of ketones and acidosis.

Back 53

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma (HHNC)

Front 54

A solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of body fluid (is, a cell placed in the solution will shrink).

Back 54

Hypertonic

Front 55

Low blood glucose concentrations resulting in symptoms such as rapid respirations; pale, moist skin; and dizziness.

Back 55

Hypoglycemia

Front 56

Abnormally decreased potassium levels in the blood.

Back 56

Hypokalemia

Front 57

An abnormally low sodium level in the blood.

Back 57

Hyponatremia

Front 58

A solution with an osmotic pressure less than that of body fluid (is, a cell placed in the solution will swell).

Back 58

Hypotonic

Front 59

A state of decreased oxygenation.

Back 59

Hypoxia

Front 60

Skin, the covering of the body surface.

Back 60

Integument

Front 61

Substances, such as the organelles, that are found inside the cell membrane.

Back 61

Intracellular

Front 62

Fluid within cells in which most of the body's supply of potassium is contained.

Back 62

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Front 63

Not normally under conscious control, as in muscle.

Back 63

Involuntary

Front 64

Protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized fore each substance, which allow electrolyte movements among the cells.

Back 64

Ion Channel

Front 65

A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the cells and body fluids, (is, a cell placed in the solution will neither shrink nor swell).

Back 65

Isotonic

Front 66

The point where two or more bones come together, allowing movement to occur.

Back 66

Joint

Front 67

A sequence of reactions in an organism in which oxidation of acids provides energy for storagein phosphate bonds (as in ATP); also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Back 67

Krebs Cycle

Front 68

Tough white bands of tissue that bind joints together, conecting bones to cartilage.

Back 68

Ligaments

Front 69

The doubly layer of fatty components that create the outside of the cell membrane.

Back 69

Lipid Bilayer

Front 70

The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis.

Back 70

Lysis

Front 71

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cell's digestive system.

Back 71

Lysosomes

Front 72

The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels.

Back 72

Mediastinum

Front 73

A specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova.

Back 73

Meiosis

Front 74

Hollow filamentous structures that make up carious components of the cell.

Back 74

Microtubules

Front 75

The division of one cell into two genetically identical and equal daughter cells.

Back 75

Mitosis

Front 76

Abnormal and persistent muscle spasms.

Back 76

Myoclonus

Front 77

Collectively, the name for the connective and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue.

Back 77

Neuroglia

Front 78

Small rod-like organelles that function as the metabolic centerof the cell and produce ATP.

Back 78

Mitochondria

Front 79

The main functional unit of the nervous system.

Back 79

Neuron

Front 80

Uncharged particles that are part of the make up of an atom.

Back 80

Neutrons

Front 81

Smooth muscle tissue.

Back 81

Nonstriated

Front 82

The membrane that surrounds the nucleous of the cell.

Back 82

Nuclear Envelope

Front 83

Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins.

Back 83

Nucleoli

Front 84

The nerve center, or central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm.

Back 84

Nucleus

Front 85

An opposing pressure to hydrostatic pressure, it pulls water back into the capillary from the intersititial space in an effort to create balance.

Back 85

Oncotic Force

Front 86

Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function.

Back 86

Organ

Front 87

The internal structures within the cell.

Back 87

Organelles

Front 88

Any living thing considered as a whole, made up of various organ systems.

Back 88

Organism

Front 89

A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles, circulatory, and respiratory systems, among others.

Back 89

Organ System

Front 90

The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.

Back 90

Osmosis

Front 91

The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane.

Back 91

Osmotic Pressure

Front 92

Process in which oxygen is used chemically to produce energy from carbohydrates.

Back 92

Oxidative Metabolism

Front 93

The portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities.

Back 93

Parietal Portion

Front 94

The region around the heart.

Back 94

Pericardial Cavity

Front 95

An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac.

Back 95

Pericardial Effusion

Front 96

the fluid-filled potential space between the layers of the pericardium.

Back 96

Pericardial Sac

Front 97

A condtion that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restrcts the heart's stroke volume.

Back 97

Pericardial Tamponade

Front 98

The serrous membranes that surround the heart.

Back 98

Pericardium

Front 99

The membrane that covers the bones of the skull and all other bones, except at articular surfaces.

Back 99

Periosteum

Front 100

The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine.

Back 100

Peripheral Nerves

Front 101

An inflammation of the peritonitis.

Back 101

Peritonitis

Front 102

Endocytosis involving solid particles.

Back 102

Phagocytosis

Front 103

Endocytosis involving liquid.

Back 103

Pinocytosis

Front 104

Serous membranes surrounding the lungs.

Back 104

Pleura

Front 105

The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

Back 105

Pleural Cavity

Front 106

An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity.

Back 106

Pleural Effusion

Front 107

The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural cavity.

Back 107

Pleural Fluid

Front 108

An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural cavity.

Back 108

Pneumothorax

Front 109

Positively charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom.

Back 109

Protons

Front 110

A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm.

Back 110

Protoplasm

Front 111

A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface.

Back 111

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Front 112

The space behind the knee.

Back 112

Popliteal Fossa

Front 113

Area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery.

Back 113

Posterior Triangle

Front 114

Replacing dead cells with new cells on an ongoing basis.

Back 114

Remodeling