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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Flexion
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decrease in joint angle
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Extension
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Increase in joint angle
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Boyle's Law
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Increase in volume= decrease in pressure and vice versa
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Pressure equation
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Force/Area
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Dorsal Cavity
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Upper portion= cranial cavity
Lower portion= spinal cavity/ vertebral canal |
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Anatomy
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study of the structure of an organism
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Physiology
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study of a function of an organism
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Simple Epithelium vs Compound Epithelium
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Simple: single layer of cells
Compound: different layers |
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Squamous (pavement)epithelium
What and where? |
Simple; single layer of flat cells.
Blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymph vessels |
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Cuboidal epithelium
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cube shaped, secretory function in some glands like thyroid
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Columnar epithelium
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Simple, cylindrical cells, inner lining of stomach, intestines, bile ducts, gall bladder
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Ciliated epithelium
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Simple; cylindrical cells w/ cillia above and below vocal folds.
lining of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi |
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Stratified epithelium
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Compound; flattened cells on bed of columnar cells; epidermis of skin, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, conjunctiva
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Transitional epithelium
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Compound; pear-shaped cells in lining of bladder
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Cells on True vs False vocal folds
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True= non-keratinized stratified squamous (lacks goblet cells, not mucosal)
False= pseudostratified ciliated |
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Areolar
(Connective Tissue CT) |
elastic; supports organs, between muscles
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Adipose CT
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cells w/ fat gobules; between muscles and organs
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White fibrous CT
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strong, closely packed; ligaments binding bones; periosteum covering bone; covering of organs; fascia over muscle
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Yellow Elastic CT
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elastic, in areas requiring recoil.
Treachea, cartilage, bronchi, lungs |
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Lymphoid CT
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Lymphycytes; make up lymphoid tissure of tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes
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Hyaline cartilage CT
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bluish white and smooth; on joint surfaces, arynx, trachea, costal cartilage of ribs
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Fibro-Cartilage CT
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dense, white, flexible fibers; intervertebral disks, b/w surfaces of knee joints
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Blood CT
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Corpuscles (red and white blood cells), platelets, blood plasma
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Compact Bone CT
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Has haversion canal, lamellar structure
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Cancellous (spongy)Bone CT
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spongy look, larger haversion canal, red bone marrow producing red and whitel blood cells and plasma
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Type of cartilage that larynx is made of
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hyaline
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Type of cartilage that epiglottis is made out of
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elastic
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What happens when hyaline cartilage calcifies/ossifies?
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loses flexibilty, becomes brittle and easily breakable
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Skeletal muscle fibers (muscular tissue MT)
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cylindrical, multinucleated (since each fiber is composite of multiple cells, sending messages quickly for protein production), striated, voluntary control. Stretched in relaxed state.
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Smooth muscle cells (MT)
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spindle shaped, sheet like, single central nucleus, lack striations. Involuntary, found in digestive tract and blood vessels
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Valsalva
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closing of false vocal folds to give birth defecate
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Why 2 sets of vocal folds?
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animals that need to fix upper body to climb/do work have 2 sets
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Pleurosy
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when pleura lose their smoothness/ lubrisity breathing is painful due to friction
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Astrocytes
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physically touch capillaries, form barrier controling what reaches the neurons
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keratosis
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when vocal folds excrete keratin due to exposure to alcohal, smoke, trauma, causing them to lose thier pliablility
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Renke's Edema
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hypertrophy (overgrowth) of lamina propria causes a lowering of voice due to smoking or drinking
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Cardiac tissue and Intercalated disks
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combo of striated and smooth, intercalated disks allow heart muscles to become synchronized to beating of the central node
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Synarthrodial joint
2 examples |
no mobility, Fibrous joints
Sutures: sagittal Gomphosis: tooth and alveolar process |
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Amphiarthrodial joint
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low mob, Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis: sternum Symphysis: pubic symphysis |
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Diarthrodial joints,
2 examples |
high mobiliity, Synovial Joints.
Saddle joint: cricoarytenoid Condylar joint: shoulder |
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Areolar Connective Tissue
and Adipose |
loose and thin. Adipose tissue is areolar tissue w/lots of fat (goblet) cells
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4 basic tissues of body
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epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective
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Fascia
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sheet-like membrane of matted fibers that surrounds organs. striated muscle covered by perimyseum, fascia that is thick, white, and opaque
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Ligament
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connect Muscle-Muscle or Bone-Bone, usually infexible, fibers all in same direction for tensile strength
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Tendons
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Connect muscle to bone (provides a place of attachment). 800 times stronger than muscle, tears usually happen in muscle not tendon
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Neurons
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communcative tissue, transfer info
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Glial cells
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nutrient transfer; blood-brain barrier
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Quiet inhalation
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mostly of diaphragm, limited external intercostal use
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Forced inhalation
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use of accessory muscles of inhalation
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Passive expiration
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uses viscoelastic "restoring forces" of thorax/abdomen
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Areas involved in passive expiration
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restoring force of distended abdomen wall, torqued chondral portion of ribs, inflated lungs returning to deflated state
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Active expiration
muscles involved |
uses several muscles to push out air.
internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, abdominal muscles, back muscles |
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Function of respiration?
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gas exchange; intake oxygen (get into bloodstream), expel carbon dioxide
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4 steps of respiration
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1. ventilation: air in lungs
2. distribution: into alveoli 3. perfusion: blood thru capillaries 4. diffusion: gases exchanged from alveoli and blood |
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2 Regions of body that recognize CO2 and oxygen
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brain stem
carotid artery |
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Manometer
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measures respiratory pressure
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Spirometer(wet, dry, digital)
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measures respiratory volume and rate
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Tidal volume
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volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration
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Inspiratory and Expiratory Reserve Volume (aka Resting lung volume)
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air that can be inhaled/exhaled after regular tidal inspiration/ expiration
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Residual volume
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air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
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Vital capacity
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amount that you can inhale after maximum expiration
(VC= IRV+ TV+ ERV) |
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Functional residual capacity
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amount of air left in body after passive exhalation
FRC= ERV+ RV |
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Inspiratory capacity
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maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
IC= TV+IRV |
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Total Lung Capacity
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TLC= IC + FRC
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Number of capacities and volumes of lungs
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4 (tidal, IRV, ERV, RV)
4 (TLC, IC, VC, FRC |
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Pneumothorax
what happens as result |
loss of interpleural pressure
-lungs collapse, rib cage expands, dome of diaphragm collapses, inhaling compresses lungs |
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Pressures of speech
minimum, normal, inflection |
Minimum= 3-5 cm H20
Normal= 7-10cm H20 Inflection= +/- 2 cm H20 |
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Quiet breathing % inhalation vs. exhalation
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Quiet: 60% exhale, 40% inhale
Speech: 90% exhale, 10% inhale |
