Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

Effectors

Back 1

implement the response to return the body to homeostasis

Front 2

Control Center

Back 2

receives information from various receptors to integrate and determine the response needed to return to the setpoint

Front 3

Receptor
(sensor)

Back 3

detects any deviation from the setpoint

Front 4

Setpoint

Back 4

the normal value of a variable factor such as temperature

Front 5

Feedback System

Back 5

the body sends informaton back into the system to induce a response.

Front 6

Homeostasis
(1 of 2)

Back 6

the steady-state equilibrium existing in the body and the maintenance of this state. Associated with the relative constancy of the chemical and physical environment in the cells and in the organism itself.

Front 7

Homeostasis
(2 of 2)

Back 7

Water, nutrients, and oxygen are part of the chemical requirements to maintain homeostasis; a constant temperature and atmospheric pressure are part of the physical requirements

Front 8

Excretion

Back 8

the process of removing waste products from the body

Front 9

irritability

Back 9

Response of the body to an internal or external stimulus

Front 10

Asexual Reproduction

Back 10

the duplication of a single cell. Results in two identical daughter cells; occurs in growth and repair

Front 11

Sexual Reproduction

Back 11

Reproduction in humans involves production of sperm and egg cells and their union to form a fertilized egg cell which develops into a new individual

Front 12

Reproduction

Back 12

the ability of the body to replicate itself. Growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of an entirely new individual.

Front 13

Conductivity

Back 13

the ability of cells to receive stimuli and transport them from one body part to another. This characteristic is associated with nerve cells and muscle cells.

Front 14

Growth

Back 14

an increase in the size of body cells and/or the body itself. The process of an organism when it obtains materials from the environment and increases its mass.

Front 15

Movement

Back 15

the result of contracting muscle cells. Can be voluntary (skeletal muscles) or involuntary (heart muscle)

Front 16

Reproductive System

Back 16

produces sex cells for the next generation

testes, ovaries and associated reproductive structures

Front 17

Urinary System

Back 17

Removes metabilic wastes from the bloodstream
kidney, bladder, and associated ducts

Front 18

Immune System

Back 18

Removes foreign chemicals and microorganisms from the bloodstream

T-lympohcytes, B-lymphocytes, and marophages; lymph structures

Front 19

Circulatory System

Back 19

Transports cells and materials throughout the body.

Heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymph structures

Front 20

Respiratory System

Back 20

Collects oxygenand exchanges it for carbon dioxide

lungs, pharynx, trachea, and other air passageways

Front 21

Digestive System

Back 21

Digests food and absorbs soluble nutrients from ingested food.

Teeth, salivary glands, esophogus, stomach, intestines, liiver, and pancreas

Front 22

Muscular System

Back 22

Permits body movement.

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

Front 23

Endocrine System

Back 23

Chemically coordinates and integrates the activities of the body.

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and other ductless glands

Front 24

Nervous System

Back 24

Receives stimuli, integrates information, and coordinates the body functions

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

Front 25

Skeletal System

Back 25

Protects the body and provides support for locomotion and movement.

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Front 26

Integumentary System

Back 26

Covers the body and protects it.

Skin, hair, nails and sweat glands

Front 27

Anabolism

Back 27

the buildup of organic matter, usually requiring and input of energy

Front 28

Catabolism

Back 28

the breakdown of organic matter, usually with the release of energy

Front 29

Metabolism

Back 29

the sum total of all chemical processes occurring in the body. Divided into anabolism and catabolism

Front 30

Organism

Back 30

Body systems working together

Front 31

Organ System

Back 31

composed of several organs with complementary functions

Front 32

Organ

Back 32

composed of two or more different kinds of tissues

e.g., stomach is composed of ipithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue.

Front 33

Tissue

Back 33

a group of ceels of similar structure working together and performing the same function.

Front 34

Cell

Back 34

the fundamental unit ofliving things.

Within it are such subcellular structures as thenucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and lysosomes.

Front 35

Molecules

Back 35

Atoms combine with one another to form molecules.

Important molecules in the human body include water, sodium chloride, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Front 36

Atoms

Back 36

the ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter. The units of elements such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sodium

Front 37

Renal Physiology

Back 37

Deals with the Exretory system and its activities

Front 38

Neurophysiology

Back 38

the study of nerve function

Front 39

Reproductive Physiology

Back 39

the study of reproductive organs and the methods for reproduction

Front 40

Cytology

Back 40

the study of cells and how they function

Front 41

Histologic Anatomy

Back 41

the study of cells, tissues, and organs as observed with a microscope

Front 42

Gross Anatomy

Back 42

concerns body structures seen without the use of a microscope

Front 43

Developmental Anatomy

Back 43

the development of the individual fromthe feritlized egg to the adult form.

Front 44

Visceral Layer

Back 44

covers an organ

Front 45

Parietal Layer

Back 45

lines a cavity

Front 46

Lumbar Region
(right and left)

Back 46

lateral to the umbilical reagion

Front 47

Hypochondriac Region
(right and left)

Back 47

lateral to the epigastric region

Front 48

Hypogastric Region

Back 48

Immediately inferior to the umbilical region

Front 49

Epigastric Region

Back 49

immediately superior to the umbilical region

Front 50

Umbilical Region

Back 50

At the center of the abdomen

Front 51

Pelvic Subdivision
(inferior)

Back 51

contains the bladder, certain reproductive organs and the rectum

Front 52

Abdominal Subdivision
(superior)

Back 52

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Front 53

Peritoneal Cavity

Back 53

abdominopelvic cavity.

Contains the visceral organs of the abdomen and pelvis

Front 54

Mediastinum Region

Back 54

houses pericardial cavity which houses the heart

Front 55

Pericardial Cavity

Back 55

Lies within the thoracic cavity and is medial to the pleural cavities

Front 56

Pleural Cavity
(right and left)

Back 56

each half houses a lung

Front 57

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 57

contains the abdominal and pelvic subdivisions

Front 58

Thoracic Cavity

Back 58

surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest and is subdivided into the right and left pleural cavities

Front 59

Spinal Cavity

Back 59

houses the spinal cord

Front 60

Cranial Cavity

Back 60

houses the brain

Front 61

Ventral Body Cavity

Back 61

located on the anterior (ventral or front) aspect of the body

subdivided into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Front 62

Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 62

located along the posterior (dorsal or backside) surface of the body

divided into cranial cavity and spinal cavity