Anatomy Exam 3 Part 2

Front 1

why do we breath

Back 1

we need oxygen to do oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport system. hydrogen combines with the oxygen to form H2O. Generates ATP

Front 2

functions of respiratory system (6)

Back 2

move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs, protect respiratory surfaces from outside environment (air conditioning), provide gas exchange between air and circulating blood through extensive surface area, produce sound, participate in olfactory sense, regulate co2 and hydrogen concentrations

Front 3

upper respiratory tract

Back 3

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx,

Front 4

lower respiratory tract

Back 4

larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiol, terminal bronchiole

Front 5

conducting portion

Back 5

from nasal cavity to terminal bronchiole. this is where air is conditioned: warm, humidify, & cleanse

Front 6

respiratory portion

Back 6

respiratory bronchiole and alveoli, this is where gas is exchanged

Front 7

what type of epithelium is in the oral cavity

Back 7

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 8

what type of epithelium is in the bronchioles to the terminal bronchiole

Back 8

columnar to cuboidal epithelium with cilia

Front 9

mucosa

Back 9

a lining consisting of an epithelium and underlying connective tissue

Front 10

where would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

Back 10

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea, main and lobar bronchi

Front 11

where would you find simple ciliated columnar epithelium

Back 11

segmental bronchi and large bronchioles

Front 12

where would you find simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Back 12

small terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Front 13

where would you find simple squamous epithelium (no cilia)

Back 13

alveolar ducts and alveoli

Front 14

thyroid cartilage

Back 14

also called adam's apple. made of hyaline cartilage

Front 15

cricoid cartilage

Back 15

made from hyaline cartilage. forms posterior portion of larynx

Front 16

epiglottis

Back 16

elastic cartilage that covers opening of trachea

Front 17

functions of cartilage on larynx

Back 17

keeps respiratory system open and prevents food and liquid from entering respiratory system

Front 18

vestibular fold

Back 18

superior fold (false vocal fold)

respiratory epithelium covers sero-mucus glands

function is to protect delicate vocal folds

Front 19

vocal fold

Back 19

inferior to vestibular fold. called true vocal fold/ cord

nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

vocal ligament within vocal fold. function is to produce sound through vibrations

Front 20

what is meant by air conditioning

Back 20

warmth is added through flow of blood in vessels,

humidity is added through sero-mucous gland s& goblet cells, swell bodies help protect from dehydration,

cleansing occurs where hairs and secretions and cilia and machrophages entrap foreign particles

Front 21

bronchiole size from largest to smallest

Back 21

main bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

Front 22

the trachea is also known as the

Back 22

windpipe

Front 23

trachea

Back 23

extends from larynx to mediastinum. branches into pulmonary bronchi, covered in tracheal cartilage 'C' rings which are elastic ligaments that help to strength, protect, and keep open airway

Front 24

carina

Back 24

separate the right and left primary bronchi

Front 25

what is the structural differences between the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Back 25

trachea have cartilage plates, bronchi have small cartilage plates, bronchiole have no cartilage, but smooth muscle increases

Front 26

the right lung has____ lobes and the left lung has __

Back 26

3, 2

Front 27

hilum

Back 27

main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins

Front 28

bronchodilation

Back 28

dilates bronchial airways through use of norepinephrine/ Beta 2 receptors. caused by sympathetic NS activation. to dilate, smooth muscle relaxes which reduces resistance

antihistamines

fight or flight

Front 29

bronchoconstriction

Back 29

rest and digest

activated by parasympathetic ns

smooth muscles constrict which leads to less airway

histamine release (allergic reactions)

Front 30

difference between pulmonary artery and bronchial artery

Back 30

pulmonary artery is deoxygenated, coming from the right ventricle and follows the bronchial tree all the way to the alveoli, gas exchange occurs with the alveolar capillaries

bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood, come from a branch off of the aorta, provide oxygen and nutrients to tissues of conducting passageways of lungs & pleura, stops before the alveoli

Front 31

bronchial veins vs. pulmonary veins

Back 31

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs into heart

bronchial veins carry deoxygenated blood used by the lungs back into the right atrium or into the pulmonary vein (which leads to mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated)

Front 32

asthma is caused by

Back 32

excessive stimulation of smooth muscle leading to bronchoconstriction

Front 33

copd is caused by

Back 33

inflammation of the airways leading to narrowing of passageways or loss of alveolar walls creating fewer areas for gas exchange

Front 34

fibrosis is caused by

Back 34

difficulty expanding/ contracting due to increased connective tissue

Front 35

RDS is caused by

Back 35

lack of surfacant or insufficient type 2 pneumocyte function

Front 36

type 2 pneumocytes

Back 36

secrete surfacant

Front 37

terminal bronchiole epithelium

Back 37

cuboidal cells

Front 38

respiratory bronchiole epithelium

Back 38

cuboidal cells interuppted by alveoli type 1 pneumocyts

Front 39

where in alveolar epithelia is gas exchange most optimal

Back 39

thin areas- areas adjacent to capillaries

Front 40

what to thick epithelial areas do

Back 40

they have more connective tissue and add structural support to alveoli

Front 41

dust cells

Back 41

alveolar macrophages

Front 42

type 1 pneumocyte

Back 42

forms most of the alveolar wall

Front 43

which membrane secretes fluid and which resorbs fluid (parietal vs. visceral)

Back 43

parietal secretes, visceral resorbs

Front 44

intrapleural pressure

Back 44

pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura. averages about -4mmHg (756mmHg) and has a maximum of -18mmHg (742mmHg)

atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg so it is below this.

intrapulmonary pressure in alveoli is similar to atmospheric 760 mmHg

Front 45

external respiration

Back 45

air from the atmosphere to cells undergoing metabolism

includes pulmonary ventilation (breathing), gas exchange across alveolar membrane, transport of O2 and CO2, gas exchange from systemic capillaries

Front 46

how does the thoracic cavity move during inspiration and expiration

Back 46

during inspiration it expands and the sternum moves anteriorly (outward) and the diaphram contracts which pulls it down to increase size of thoracic cavity. ribs are elevated and throacic cavity widens

during expiration the thoracic cavity compresses, the diaphragm relaxes and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller and ribs are depressed and sternum moves posteriorly

Front 47

muscles during quiet breathing vs. forced inspiration

Back 47

external intercostal muscles extend during quiet breathing

during forced inspiration- activates the accessory muscles of inspiration

Front 48

boyle's law

Back 48

P=1/V

Front 49

pressure in pleural cavity and intrapulmonary pressure

Back 49

756 mmHg intrapleural and 760 mmHg in intrapulmonary without breathing, however, when air is inhaled, the intrapulmonary pressure drops to 759 mmHg and intrapleural pressure drops to 754 mmHg

Front 50

about how often do we breath per minute and how much is breathed in per every breath

Back 50

~500 ml and 12-16 times per minute

Front 51

compliance

Back 51

how easily the lungs expand and contract- depends on elastic fibers. it is a good indicator of expandability.

low compliance requires greater force and high compliance requires less force

Front 52

factors that affect compliance

Back 52

connective tissue structure and level of surfacant and the mobility of the thoracic cage

Front 53

elastic rebound

Back 53

when inhalation muscles relax, returning lungs and alveoli to original position

Front 54

eupnea vs. hyperpnea vs. apnea

Back 54

eupnea is quiet breathing and it involves diaphragmatic breathing (deep breathing) and costal breathing (shallow breathing)

hyperpnea is forced breathing and it involves accessory muscles

apnea is when there isn't any movement of the muscles and the volume of the lungs remain unchanged

Front 55

how does the respiratory system adap to changing oxygen demands

Back 55

varying the number of breaths per minute and the volume of air moved per breath

Front 56

respiratory minute volume

Back 56

Ve

amount of air moved per minute. calculated by the respiratory rate (f)x the tidal volume

Front 57

anatomic dead space

Back 57

Vd

only a part of respiratory minute volume reaches alveolar exchange surfaces. anatomic dead space is the volume of air remaining in conducting passages

Front 58

alveolar ventilation

Back 58

amount of air reaching alveoli each minute. calculated as respiratory rate x (tidal volume- anatomic dead space)

Va= f x (Vt-Vd)

Front 59

tidal volume

Back 59

amount of air one can move in or out of lungs in single respiratory cycle during normal resting conditions

Front 60

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 60

amount of air one can take in over and above tidal volume

Front 61

expiratory reserve volume

Back 61

amount of air one can voluntarily expel after completed normal respiratory cycle

Front 62

residual volume

Back 62

amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation- minimal volume is the amount of air left if lungs collapsed

Front 63

inspiratory capacity

Back 63

tidal volume+ inspiratory reserve volume

Front 64

vital capacity

Back 64

maximum amount of air one can take into or out of lungs during forced exhalation and inhalation

Front 65

total lung capacity

Back 65

total volume of lungs