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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the lymphatic system - |
Fluid Balance Lipid absorption Defense |
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How does the lymphatic system balance fluid? |
Absorbs excess fluid and solutes from body tissues into lymphatic capillaries and, as lymph, returns them to the circulatory system. |
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How does the lymphatic system absorb lipids? |
from digestive tract through lacteals. |
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How does the lymphatic system defend? |
helps immune system by filtering tissue fluid & blood to remove foreign cells, toxins, and altered human cells. |
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Lymphatic vessels do what? |
absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the veins |
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Lymph is what? |
the fluid carried in lymphatic vessels |
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Lymphoid tissues and organs - supplied by? contain what? |
lymphatic vessels lymphocytes |
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Lymphatic vessel layers? |
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa |
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Whats the differences between veins and lymphatic vessels? |
lymphatics are much thinner, have more valves and anastomose more. |
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How are lymphatic capillaries different than blood capillaires? |
Lymphatic vessels are larger in diameter and have thinner walls |
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Passage of lymph from smallest to largest? |
Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessles lymphatic valves Lymph nodes Lymph trunks Lymph ducts Venous circulation near heart |
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What two trunks drain into 2 larger connecting ducts: |
Right Lymphatic ducts Thoracic duct |
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Where does the right lymphatic duct return lymph to the bloodstream |
tight upper arm, right side of heat and right thorax. |
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Where does the thoracic duct return lymph to the blood stream? |
cisterna chyli, lower extremities, lower portion of abdomen and pelvis, left arm, left thorax and left side of head |
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where do they both return lymph into the blood stream |
at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins |
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four types of lymphoid cells |
Lymphocytes Macrophages Dendritic cells Reticular cells |
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Two types of lymphocytes - How many lymphocytes are there? is the cycle continuous? |
B and T 10^12 Yes |
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Macrophages are modified what? what do they do? |
monocytes surveillance for foreign cells |
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Dendritic cells - function |
spiny cells involved in foreign antigen recognition |
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Reticular cells - function |
fibroblast-like cells which create fibrous network that supports other cell types. |
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Where is lymph formed? |
Lymphatic capillaries |
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Lymph has the consistency of? |
Plasma but without proteins |
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Where are lymphatic capillaries found? |
Found among blood capillaries and tissues |
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Occur everwhere where blood capillaires occur except ... (4) |
Bone, teeth, CNS and bone marrow |
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How fluid gets into capillaries - |
they are permeable , liquid can only flow into them |
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minivalves - how they are formed |
tiny flapped overlap |
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Lymphatic transport - |
very low pressure in lymphatic vessels. pulsing of nearby arteries Smooth muscles in lymphatic trunks and ducts |
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Peristalsis - |
o Smooth muscles in lymphatic trunks and ducts which contract rhythmically |
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What changes the amount of lymph ? |
Exercise |
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Lymphatic tissues are made of exception? |
loose connective reticular tissues (except thymus) |
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Diffuse lymphatic tissue - scattered through... Prominent in... 4 |
scattered through most body organs; nonencapsulated Prominent in mucous membranesm lymph nodes, spleen, around lymphoid nodules. |
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Lymphatic nodule or follicle Found in - 4 Function - |
lymph nodes, spleen, intestines (Peyer’s patches), MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
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lymphatic organ - what are they 4 examples - |
Discrete, encapsulated collections of diffuse, lymphoid tissues and follicles
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Tonsils: - structure - what epithelium? Function -
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Exterior of tonsils covered with epithelial tissues which invaginates to form pockets called crypts - Bacteria and particles in food, air, etc are trapped in crypts, then pass through epithelium into lymphoid tissue, where they are destroyed |
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Three types of tonsils - and where they are located - |
1. Palatine tonsil – each side. 2. Pharyngeal tonsil - upper 3. Lingual – back of tongue |
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lymph nodes - functions - |
filters lymph being returned to blood stream to remove harmful pathogens, etc.
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Pathway of lymph flow through tonsils. |
Afferent lymphatic vessel
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Spleen - whats in it? do we need it? |
White and red pulp Nope |
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White pulp is made of - |
lymphocytes |
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Red pulp is made of - |
RBC's, macrophages, erythrocytes |
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thymus function |
blood thymus barrier prevents antigens to enter |
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what the blood thymus barrier does - |
To prevent accidental activation of lymphocytes before they mature fully to whatever they are supposed to fight. You have a different lymphocyte for each disease. |
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Three functions of immune system |
Defense Removal Monitor |
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What does the immune system defend against? |
against foreign organisms like bacteria, viruses |
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What does the immune system remove? |
removed damaged/old cells so they can be replaced by new ones. |
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What does the immune system monitor? |
tissues to removed cancerous or abnormal cells if they arise. |
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innate immunity - How you get it? Responds to? Is response nonspecific or specific? How is each cell identified? |
Born with it any foreign agent that enters your body Not specific to a type of agent It has markers on the surfaces of all body cells are used as identifiers.
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nonspecific = |
first line of defense: barriers to invasion |
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second lines of defense - |
- Phagocytes, NK and other cells.
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Third line of defense? |
Adaptive immunity |
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Adaptive immunity - responds to - specific or nonspecific markers? What is found there? |
A very specific foreign agent specific marker on the afent Specialized cells and proteins |
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Adaptive immunity - characterized by? and they are what? |
specifity and memory system - wide |
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System - wide means ? |
we remember how to fight off the foreign agent or cell the next time it is encountered anywhere in the body. |
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First targets what? where? This is the job of? and is called? |
Free pathogens in the blood, lymph, or interstitial B lymphocytes and is called Humoral |
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Second targets what? This is the job of? |
targets body cells which have been infected by pathogens, are foreign, mutated or cancerous, or otherwise abnormal.
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specifity - |
this line of defense is specific, one cell, is specifically marked to attack one other foreign cell that is specific to that cell |
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Memory - |
our body will keep these cells in and remember that foreign pathogen that they became sensitized to earlier. So when we get it again, we can get a response quicker. |
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5 Mechanical mechanisms - |
a. Intact skin and mucous membranes c. Saliva and tears . d. Muco-ciliary escalator system in the respiratory tract e. Acidic fluid in the stomach and vaginia |
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How the skin is a defense? How the mucous membranes are a defense? |
keratinzed outer layer fluids wash things away |
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How the secretion of glands in the skin are a defense? |
Inhibit bacterial growth |
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Salivia and tears are a defense how? |
chemcials that are secreted in theses that kill bacteria |
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Muco-cilliary escalator system in the respiratory tract - how its defense? |
Composed of ciliated cells which line this tract AND mucous – secreting cells
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Second line of defense - |
phagocytes neutrophils macrophages Eosinophils Basophils and mast cells Natural Killer cells |
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Functions of: Phagocytes Neutrophils Macrophages
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a. Phagocytes – phagocytize pathogens which get past surface – non specific. b. Neutrophils- phagocytize bacteria. c. Macrophages- monocytes which leave blood, enter tissues and enlarge. |
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Functions - Eosinophils Basophils and mast cells Natural Killer - |
a. release chemicals which help inflammatory response, weaken phagocytes, and kill parasite b. released chemicals that cause inflammation and other responses. c. circulate through blood and lymph to lyse any cancer cell or virus-infected body cell they encounter. |
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Events of local inflammatory response - |
a. Damage to body tissues attract mast cells b. Chemicals are released c. Blood vessels dilate – histamine does this – d. Blood vessels leak fluid – |
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What chemicals are released during inflamm? |
histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, cytokines, leukotrienes, complement proteins. |
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What dilates the blood vessels and what does vasodilation do too the body? |
Histamine Causes warmth and redness |
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Hyperemia - |
congestion of blood |
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When blood vessels leak fluid, two things happen |
Lots of fluids leave capillaries which cause swelling which also presses on nerves, causing pain. Plasma proteins, clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins cause the area of tissue damage along with O2 and nutrients. |
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When phagocytes enter damaged tissue , what happens? |
o First mast cells are attracted from surrounding tissues.
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When bradykinins are secreted, what happens? |
- Stimulate local sensory neurons (nociceptors) and produce pain.
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The prefix "Pio" = |
pus |
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pus = |
dead and dying neutrophils, damaged and broken down cells, living and dead. |
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4 cardial signs - |
heat, redness, pain, and swelling |
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Four steps of phagocytosis process - |
Leukocytosis Pavementing (Margination) Diapedesis Chemotaxis |
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What does leukocytosis do? |
increase in WBC |
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Pave,enting does what? |
catches the chemical, and its following on the edge of capillary |
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Diapedisis - |
where it squeezes through the capillary to get the chemical. |
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Chemotaxis - |
the attraction of chemicals being released |
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Chemical mediators are (3) |
compliment proteins interferons cytokines |
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compliment proteins: how many? what they do? can cause?
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~ 20 globular plasma proteins. – circulate in an inactive form that becomes activated through a cascade of reactions
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What can activated compliment? (2) |
Activated by an antibody antigen complex, called the classical pathway
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Interferons are - function - specific or non specific? secreted by? activate what? |
small proteins secreted by body cells infected by virus
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cytokines are - two kinds? |
a group of chemical mediators that help stimulate leukopoises.
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Fevers are produced by what? what is a fever? |
pyrogens a more widespread, systemic response to invading pathogens |
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what do pyrogens do? |
reset the body’s internal thermostat located in the hypothalamus. To cause it to think it’s cold. It then raises body temperature to compensate. |
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Pyrogens are released by... |
macrophages and other WBC’s which are stimulated by toxins, pathogens, etc. |
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Antigen - |
any marker or glycoprotein that is foreign to your body |
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MHC - stands for? they are? |
Major histocompatibility complex self-markers of the immune system |
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No two people have the same what? except? |
MHC identical twins |
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MHC class 1 - found in? 2 chain proteins that are made of?
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found in all nucleated body cells 2 chain proteins, one is polymorphic one is constant |
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MHC class 2 - found on? 2 chains made of?
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immune system cells only 2 polymorphic chains. |
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MHC class 1 - process of judging a cell. |
1. A protein is either degraded or taken in as foreign. 2. Goes to the rough ER 3. The antigens bind to the protein 4. Gets processed in the golgi 5. Gets presented in MHC class 1 6. Two fates: Becomes a self-antigen or Becomes a foreign antigen and stimulates cell destruction |
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How foreign antigens work in MHC class 2? |
1. phagocytosis takes in a foreign antigen 2. Combines with MHC class 2 3. Binds them together 4. Processed in vesicles 5. Presents it to class 2 molecules. 6. If foreign, stimulates immune cell |
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Antigen-presenting cells role - |
engulf foreign cells and present parts of the foreign antigens on their class 2 MHC proteins so they can be recognized by T cells. |
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Another role of antigen-presenting cells - |
- Some just remove antigenic materials by pinocytosis |
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Ex of antigen-presenting cells - (6_ |
1. Macrophages (free and fixed) 2. Kupffer cells of liver 3. Microglia in CNS 4. Dendritic cells of lymphatics 5. Langerhans cells of skin 6. Virus infected cells |
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antibody-mediated immunity - what cells are important only for this? |
B lymphocytes, Plasma B cells |
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Cell-mediated immunity- what cell is important? |
Cytotoxic T cell |
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What cell is needed for both cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity? |
Helper T cells |
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T cells are important for the removal of? |
infected/abnormal cells |
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T- cell receptors only recognize ? These receptors are found on?
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Antigens bound to self-MHC proteins on a presenting cell Every T cell |
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CD markers - found on? CD stands for? how many CD makers are there? Help to do what? |
- found on T-cells, other lymphocytes, macrophages - Cell differentiation - over 50 - helps distinguish cells |
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All T cells have? |
CD3 |
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Two classes of T cells? |
Regulatory T cells Effector T cells |
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Regulatory T cells - what kind of T cell is this? have what markers? Recongnize? Secrete? |
Helper T cell CD4 markers on surface Foreign antigens presented by Class 2 MHC cytokines |
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Cytokines then stimulate |
leukopoiesis, cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and helper T cells |
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Effector cells - what kind of T cell is this? What markers? recognize? When activated, cause? forms what? |
Cytotoxic T cells CD8 presented antigens on class 1 MHC cause the killing of the infected cell cytotoxic T cells are formed |
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Four steps of cell-mediated immune response - |
1. APC engulfs foreign cell 2. Helper T cell activation 3. Clonal selection 4. Cytotoxic T cells get involved |
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The APC also does what? |
Processes and present foreign antigens to MHC class 2 markers. |
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The two steps of Helper T cell activation - |
1. Antigen binding 2. Co-stimulation |
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What happens during the antigen binding step? |
1. antigen binds with class 2 MHC molecule 2. binds to specific T cell receptor of helper T cell. |
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What marker comes into play with Co-stimulation step of Helper T cell activation? |
CD 4, which binds to MHC 2 |
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What does cytotoxic T cells do during cell-mediated response? |
1. They circulate between blood, lymph, and lymphoid organs, looking for specific foreign antigens presented by class 1 MHC markers, and cancerous cells. 2. They get stimulated by cytokine IL-2 to divide and produce memory T cells. 3. Cytotoxic T cells then destroy bad cells by perforin. |
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Where do lymphocytes become immunocompetent? |
Thymus |
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In the thymus, lymphocytes learn what? |
to recognize self-markers and foreign antigens |
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If a lymphocyte doesn't work properly, what happens? |
They get destroyed |
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What percent of lymphocytes actually become immunocompetent? |
5% |
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Once a lymphocyte is immunocompentent, what does it do? |
they travel through the body searching for the foreign antigen to attack. |
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two steps of antibody-mediated immune response - |
1. B-cell activation 2. Co-stimulation |
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How a B-cell activation occurs? |
1. The immunocompetent but still naïve B-cell will travel the blood, lymphatics, and tissues looking for the Ag it is programmed to recognize. 2. when its Ab finds its matching Ag, it binds to it, and brings the Ag inside by
3. The Ag is processed and displayed by the Virgin B-cell’s MHC2 marker. 4. The appropriate activated cytotoxic cell binds to the Virgin B-cell's MHC 2 + Ag, and provides co-stimulation by releasing lymphokines and CD4-marker binding |
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A naive cell = |
Virgin B -cell |
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During antibody-mediated immune response, co-stimulation causes? The new cells become? |
- B-cell to divide - Plasma B cells and release a lot of antibodies |
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What organelles would be necessary for antibody-mediated immune response? |
- Ribosomes, Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes |
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Effects of antibodies (5) |
1. Inactivates antigens 2. Binds antigens together (can be more than 2) 3. Activates complement cascade 4. Initiates release of inflammatory chemicals 5. Facilitates phagocytosis |
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Complement cascade binds to which site on the antibody? |
Complement binding site |
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To release inflammatory chemicals, what binding site on the antibody is binded? |
Site of basophils and mast cells |
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5 classes of antibodies |
1. IgM 2. IgD 3. IgG 4. IgA 5. IgE |
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IgM importance - |
first type secreted |
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IgD importance - |
antigen recognition |
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IgG importance - |
Majority of antibodies are IgG (80%) targets viruses and bacterias Can cross placenta activates complement shifts from production of IgM to IgG during immune response |
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IgA importance - |
found in mucous, tears, saliva. |
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IgE importance - |
attaches to antigens of mast cells that release histamine defense against parasites |
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Primary response to an antigen - activated when? produces what? |
- activated the first time its encountered - produces limited number of antibodes, cytotoxic t cells, memory T and B cell. |
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Secondary response - activated when? faster or slower? Produces? |
the second time you get the same antigen - produces huge amounts of antibodies from plasma b cell because of memory t cells |
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Memory cells - produced when? what do they produce? |
produced during secondary occasion. They divide so that cytotoxic and helper t cells are produced |
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Allergies - are you born with them? How do they develop? |
No You have to be exposed before you become allergic |
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Two stages of an allergic reaction? |
1. Sensitization Stage 2. Secondary Exposure |
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Sensitization stage - what happens here? |
1. An allergen enters the body of an allergic person, APC’s engluf it, digest and present the antigen and the helper t cells recognize it as foreign, secreting IL-4 2. IL-4 causes virgin B cells to mature into plasma B cells, which produce IgE antibodies 3. The IgE antibodies attach to the mast cells in tissue and/or basophils in the blood stream |
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Secondary exposure - allergens are then able to.... this causes.. |
- complex with IgE antibodies on the mast cells or basophils
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Anaphylactic shock - |
histamine causes vasodilation, which makes blood pressure plummet. |
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How to reverse anaphylactic shock - |
epinenphrine |
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Four ways adaptive immunity can be acquired - |
Passive Naturally acquired Passive Artificially acquired Active Naturally acquired Active Artificially acquired. |
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Passive naturally acquired ex - |
getting antibodies from your mothers milk or when they crossed the placenta |
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Passive Artifically acquired - ex. |
Produced by another person/injection Rhogam |
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Active naturally aquired - |
when youve had it before. Ex. Chicken pox |
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Artificially acquired - |
antigens from a vaccine |
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B lymphocytes: - become immuncompentent where? - what do they do? |
bone marrow have antibodies that recognize specific antigens and are responsible for humoral or antibody mediated response. |
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First dose of vaccine mimics - You give someone - |
primary immune response a killed or weakend strain of a virus. |
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Second dose of vaccine mimics - called a? |
secondary immune response booster |
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Problem with HIV's? |
attacks helper T cells so both cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity is affected. |
