Anatomy And Physiology 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the STRUCTURES and the relationships among structures.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of the FUNCTIONS of those structures.

Front 3

Gross Anatomy

Back 3

A type of anatomy that can be undertaken
WITHOUT a MICROSCOPE.

Front 4

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 4

Requires the use of a MICROSCOPE
(e.g. LIGHT or PHASE microscope)

Front 5

Ultra-microscopic Anatomy

Back 5

requires the use of T.E.M.
(TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY) or S.E.M.(SCANNING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY)

Front 6

Regional Anatomy

Back 6

Studies specific REGIONS of the body.
e.g. HEAD and NECK

Front 7

Systemic Anatomy

Back 7

Study of specific SYSTEM. e.g. DIGESTIVE and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS.

Front 8

Radiographic Anatomy

Back 8

Study of the structure of the body using X -RAYS.

Front 9

Cytology

Back 9

Microscopic study of the CELLS.

Front 10

Histology

Back 10

Microscopic study of the TISSUES; also known as microscopic anantomy.

Front 11

Embryological Anatomy

Back 11

Study of PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT.

Front 12

Non-invasive imaging techniques

Back 12

MRI, CAT SCAN, PETSCAN, etc.

Front 13

Pathological Anatomy

Back 13

Study of STRUCTURAL CHANGE associated with DISEASE.

Front 14

Subdivisions of Physiology

Back 14

Systemic Physiology, Cell Physiology, Neurophysiology, Endocrinology, Immunology

Front 15

Systemic Physiology

Back 15

Study of the FUNCTION of the SYSTEMS. e.g. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Front 16

Cell Physiology

Back 16

Study FUNCTION of the CELL.

Front 17

Neurophysiology

Back 17

Study the FUNCTION of NERVE CELLS.

Front 18

Endocrinology

Back 18

Study of HORMONES and how they control BODY FUNCTIONS.

Front 19

Immunology

Back 19

Study of the BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS.

Front 20

Homeostasis

Back 20

HOMEOSTASIS is an inner STABILITY of the body,
even if the ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE the BODY CHANGES.

Front 21

Homeostasis 1

Back 21

1. It is achieved when STRUCTURES and FUNCTIONS are
properly COORDINATED.

Front 22

Homeostasis 2

Back 22

The entire regulation process of HOMEOSTASIS is made
possible by the COORDINATED ACTION of many ORGANS
and TISSUES under the control of the NERVOUS and
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS.

Front 23

Homeostasis 3

Back 23

When HOMEOSTASIS breaks down, we become SICK
or DIE.

Front 24

Stress

Back 24

. One way to disrupt HOMEOSTASIS is to introduce
STRESS.
b. STRESS is the overall disruption that forces the
body to make ADAPTIVE CHANGES.
c. Factors causing stress are called STRESSORS.
e.g. HEAT, COLD, VIRUSES, MENTAL DISTURBANCES,
HORMONES.

Front 25

Feedback System

Back 25

Response to the INITIATING
STIMULUS It can be POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE.

Front 26

Negative Feedback

Back 26

When the response is OPPOSITE to the initiating stimulus. e.g. Increased production of HEAT by the body to oppose the effect of COLD weather.

Front 27

Positive Feedback

Back 27

When the response REINFORCES the initial stimulus. e.g. When blood glucose level DECREASES, the response of positive feedback is to DECREASE it further.

Front 28

Organizational Levels of the Body (Small to Large)

Back 28

Atoms, Elements, Molecule, Cells, Tissues, Organ, System, Organism

Front 29

Atoms

Back 29

Basic units of all matter

Front 30

Elements

Back 30

Each 'kind' of atom

Front 31

Molecule

Back 31

Combination of two or more atoms

Front 32

Compound

Back 32

A molecule containing atoms of more than one element

Front 33

Cells

Back 33

Smallest independ units of life

Front 34

Tissues

Back 34

Group of similar cells that perform a specific function

Front 35

Types of Tissues

Back 35

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve

Front 36

Epithelial Tissue

Back 36

Found in skin and lining of organs
Function: Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption

Front 37

Connective Tissue

Back 37

Found in many organs (skin, blood vessels)
Function: Support, repair
Ex. Tendons, ligaments, fat, cartilage, blood, bone

Front 38

Types of muscle tissue

Back 38

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Front 39

Skeletal muscle

Back 39

in the limbs, face, abdomen

Front 40

Smooth muscle

Back 40

in digestive system, blood vessel, uterus

Front 41

Cardiac muscle

Back 41

in the heart

Front 42

Nerve Tissue

Back 42

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Function: responds to various stimuli and transports nerve impulses from one area of the body to another

Front 43

Organ

Back 43

Group of two or more kinds of tissue bound together to form a structure

Front 44

System

Back 44

A group of organs with their tissues that work together to perform a major function

Front 45

Types of Systems

Back 45

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Immune

Front 46

Integumentary System

Back 46

Made of skin, nails, hair, sweat & oil glands
Function: Protection, regulate body temperature

Front 47

Skeletal System

Back 47

Made of bone and cartilage
Function: Support body, protect organs, manufacture red blood cells, provide level mechanism for movement

Front 48

Muscular System

Back 48

Function: Body movement; produce body heat

Front 49

Nervous System

Back 49

Made of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs
Function: regulates body activities, initiates action of muscles

Front 50

Endocrine System

Back 50

Made of ductless glands
Function: secrete hormones

Front 51

Cardiovascular System

Back 51

Made of heart, blood, blood vessels
Function: Pumps blood through vessels, transport of gases

Front 52

Respiratory Systems

Back 52

Made up of airways and lungs
Function: Breathing exchange of gases between air and blood

Front 53

Digestive System

Back 53

Made up of organs from mouth to anus and accessory structures (Liver, Pancreas, Etc.)
Function: Break down food, remove solid waste

Front 54

Urinary System

Back 54

Made of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function: Eliminate metabolic wastes, regulate blood pressure, regulate water-salt balance

Front 55

Reproductive System

Back 55

Made of ovaries, testes, germ cells, accessory glands and ducts
Function: reproduction

Front 56

Lymphatic System

Back 56

Made of lymph nodes, lymphatic blood vessels, tonsils
Function: Immune system defense, fat transport

Front 57

Immune System

Back 57

Made of lymphocytes (T and B)
Function: Defense

Front 58

Anatomical Position

Back 58

The BODY is STANDING ERECT and FACING FORWARD, the FEET ARE TOGETHER, and the ARMS ARE HANGING at the SIDES WITH THE PALMS FACING FORWARD.

Front 59

Planes

Back 59

Imaginary Flat Surfaces

Front 60

Midsagittal or median plane

Back 60

Divides the body SYMMETRICALLY into LEFT and RIGHT halves.

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Parasagittal or Sagittal plane

Back 61

Divides the body ASYMMETRICALLY into LEFT and RIGHT PARTS. Can be any number of these.

Front 62

Frontal or coronal plane

Back 62

Divides the body ASYMMETRICALLY into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR SECTIONS

Front 63

Transverse or horizontal plane

Back 63

Divides the body HORIZONTALLY into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR SECTIONS.

Front 64

Cranial or Cephalic

Back 64

Toward the head

Front 65

Caudal

Back 65

Toward the tail

Front 66

Superior

Back 66

Above/up

Front 67

Inferior

Back 67

Below/down

Front 68

Anterior/Ventral

Back 68

Toward the front

Front 69

Posterior/Dorsal

Back 69

Toward the back

Front 70

Medial

Back 70

Toward the midline

Front 71

Lateral

Back 71

Away from the Midline

Front 72

Proximal

Back 72

Nearer to the trunk

Front 73

Distal

Back 73

Farther from the trunk

Front 74

Superficial/External

Back 74

Near the surface

Front 75

Deep/Internal

Back 75

Further from the surface

Front 76

Planter

Back 76

Sole of the foot

Front 77

Dorsal of the foot

Back 77

Upper surface of the foot

Front 78

Palmar

Back 78

Palm of hand

Front 79

Dorsal of hand

Back 79

Back of hand

Front 80

Parietal

Back 80

Related to body walls

Front 81

Visceral

Back 81

Related to anterior organs

Front 82

Supine

Back 82

To recline on one's back

Front 83

Prone

Back 83

To recline on one's front

Front 84

Oblique

Back 84

At an angle

Front 85

Axial part

Back 85

Head, neck thorax, abdomen, pelvis

Front 86

Appendicular part

Back 86

Upper limbs, lower limbs

Front 87

Two main cavities

Back 87

Ventral & Dorsal