Brain And Behavior Chapter 1, 2, 7

Front 1

bilateral symmetry

Back 1

body plan in which organs or parts present on both sides of the body are mirror images in appearance

Front 2

dualism

Back 2

philosophical position that both a nonmaterial mind and a material body contribute to behavior

Front 3

mentalism

Back 3

explanation of behavior as a function of the nonmaterial mind

Front 4

phenotype

Back 4

set of individual characteristics that can be seen or measured

Front 5

genotype

Back 5

particular genetic makeup of an individual

Front 6

psyche

Back 6

synonym for mind, an entity once proposed to be the source of human behavior

Front 7

neoteny

Back 7

process in which juvenile stages of predecessors become adult features of descendants; idea derived from the observation that more recently evolved species resemble the young of their common ancestors

Front 8

epigenetics

Back 8

differences in gene expression related to environment and experience

Front 9

plasticity (neuroplasticity)

Back 9

the nervous system's potential for physical or chemical change; enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury

Front 10

encephalization quotient (EQ)

Back 10

Jerison's quantitative measure of brain size obtained from the ratio of actual brain size to expected brain size, according to the principle of proper mass, for an animal of a particular body size

Front 11

afferent

Back 11

conducting toward a CNS (central nervous system, including brain and spinal cord) structure

Front 12

efferent

Back 12

conducting away from a CNS structure

Front 13

gyri (sing. gyrus)

Back 13

a small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex

Front 14

sulci (sing. sulcus)

Back 14

a groove in brain matter; most are in the neocortex or cerebellum

Front 15

tract

Back 15

large collection of axons coursing together in the CNS

Front 16

nerve

Back 16

large collection of axons coursing together outside the CNS

Front 17

meninges

Back 17

three layers of protective tissue -- dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater -- that encase the brain and spinal cord

Front 18

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Back 18

part of the PNS (peripheral nervous system) that includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the muscles, joints, and skin, which produce movement, transmit incoming sensory input, and inform the CNS about the position and movement of body parts

Front 19

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 19

part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands

Front 20

cytoarchitectonic map

Back 20

map of the neocortex (cerebral cortex, most recently evolved outer layer of the forebrain, composed of about six layers of gray matter; constructs our reality) based on the organization, structure, and distribution of the cells

Front 21

parasympathetic division

Back 21

part of the ANS; acts in opposition to the sympathetic division

Front 22

sympathetic division

Back 22

part of the ANS; arouses the body for action

Front 23

enteric nervous system (ENS)

Back 23

mesh of neurons embedded in the lining of the gut, running from the esophagus through the colon; controls the gut

Front 24

diencephalon

Back 24

the between brain, which integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

Front 25

hindbrain

Back 25

evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain; contains the pons, medulla, reticular formation, and cerebellum, structures that coordinate and control most voluntary and involuntary movements

Front 26

limbic system

Back 26

disparate forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and the brainstem (central structure of the brain, including the hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus, that is responsible for most unconscious behavior) that form a functional system controlling affective and motivated behaviors and certain forms of memory; includes cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, among other structures

Front 27

forebrain (cerebrum)

Back 27

evolutionarily the newest part of the brain; coordinates advanced cognitive functions

Front 28

behavioral neuroscience

Back 28

study of the biological bases of behavior in humans and other animals

Front 29

computed tomography (CT)

Back 29

X-ray technique that produces a static three-dimensional brain image of the brain in cross section -- a CT scan

Front 30

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Back 30

magnetic resonance imaging method that can image fiber pathways in the brain by detecting the directional movements of water molecules

Front 31

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Back 31

magnetic resonance imaging in which changes in elements such as iron or oxygen are measured during the performance of a specific behavior; used to measure cerebral blood flow during behavior or resting

Front 32

functional NIRS (fNIRS)

Back 32

noninvasive technique that gathers light transmitted through cortical tissue to image oxygen consumption; form of optical tomography

Front 33

positron emission tomography (PET)

Back 33

imaging technique that detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose, used to analyze the metabolic activity of neurons

Front 34

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Back 34

procedure in which a magnetic coil is placed over the skull to stimulate the underlying brain; used either to induce behavior or to disrupt ongoing behavior

Front 35

event-related potential (ERP)

Back 35

complex electroencephalographic (EEG) waveform related in time to a specific sensory event

Front 36

optogenetics

Back 36

transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue

Front 37

resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI)

Back 37

magnetic resonance imaging method that measures changes in elements such as iron or oxygen when the individual is resting (not engaged in a specific task)

Front 38

chemogenetics

Back 38

transgenic technique that combines genetics and synthetic drugs to activate targeted cells in living tissue

Front 39

magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

Back 39

magnetic potentials recorded from detectors placed outside the skull

Front 40

cerebral voltammetry

Back 40

technique used to identify the concentration of specific chemicals in the brain as animals behave freely