Brain And Behavior Chapter 2

Front 1

Afferent

Back 1

Conducting toward a central nervous system structure.

Front 2

Alzheimer's disease

Back 2

Degenerative brain disorder related to aging that first appears as progressive memory loss and later develops into generalized dementia

Front 3

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 3

Part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands.

Front 4

basal ganglia

Back 4

Subcoritcal forebrain nuclei that coordinate voluntary movements of the limbs and body; connected to the thalamus and to the midbrain

Front 5

brainstem

Back 5

Centralstructures of the brain, including the hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus, that are responsible for most unconscious behaviour.

Front 6

cerebral cortex

Back 6

Thin, healvily folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is the outer layer of the forebrain. Also called neocrotex.

Front 7

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 7

Clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts that fills the ventricles inside the brain and circultes around the brain and psinal cord beneath the arachnoid layer in the subarachnoid space.

Front 8

corpus callosum

Back 8

Band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres to provide a route for direct communication between them,

Front 9

cranial nerve

Back 9

One of a set of 12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor fucntions of the head, neck, and internal organs.

Front 10

cytoarchitectonic map

Back 10

Map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure, and distribution of the cells.

Front 11

dermatome

Back 11

Body segment corresponding to a segment of the spinal cord.

Front 12

diencephalon

Back 12

The "between brain" that integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerbral cortex.

Front 13

efferent

Back 13

Conducting away from a central nervous system structure.

Front 14

excitation

Back 14

Increase in the activity of a neuron or brain area.

Front 15

forebrain

Back 15

Evolutionarily the newest part of the brain; coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language; contatins the limbic system, basal ganglia, and the neocrotex.

Front 16

frontal lobe

Back 16

Part of the cerebral cortex often generally characterized as perfomring the brain's 'executive' functions, such as decision making; lies anterior to the central sulcus and beneath the frontal bone of the skill

Front 17

gray matter

Back 17

areas of the nervous system composed predominately of cell bodies and capillary blood vessels that function either to collect and modify information or to support this activity.

Front 18

gyrus (pl. gyri)

Back 18

A small protrusion or bump formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex.

Front 19

hindbrain

Back 19

Evolutionarily the oldest part of the brain; contains the pons, medulla, reticular formation, and cerbellum, structures that coordinate and control most voluntary and involuntary movements.

Front 20

hypothalamus

Back 20

Diencephalon structure that contains many nuclei associated with temperature regualation, eating, drinking, ans seuxal behaviour.

Front 21

inhibition

Back 21

Decrease in the activity of a neuron or brain area.

Front 22

law of Bell and Magendie

Back 22

THe general principle that snsory fibers are located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally.

Front 23

limbic system

Back 23

Disparate forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and the brainstem that form a functional system controlling affective and motivated behaviours and certain forms of memory; includes cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, among other structures.

Front 24

meninges

Back 24

Three layers of protective tissue- dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater - that encase the brain and spinal cord.

Front 25

midbrain

Back 25

Central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing as well as orienting movements.

Front 26

neocortex

Back 26

Newest , outer layer of the forebrain, composed of about six layers of gray matter; creates our reality

Front 27

nerve

Back 27

Large collection of axons coursing together outside the central nervous system.

Front 28

neuroplasticity

Back 28

The nervous system's potential for physical or chemical change that enhances its adaptiablity to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury.

Front 29

nucleus

Back 29

A group of cells forming a cluster that can be identified with special stains to form a functional grouping.

Front 30

occipital lobe

Back 30

Part of the cerebral cortex where visual processing begins; lies at the back of the brain and beneath the occipital bone.

Front 31

orienting movement

Back 31

Movement related to sensory inputs, such as turning the head to see the source of a sound.

Front 32

parasympathetic division

Back 32

Part of the autonomic nervous system, acts in opposition to the sympathetic division - for example, preparing the body to rest and digest by reversing the alarm response or stimulating digestion.

Front 33

parietal lobe

Back 33

Part of the cerbral cortex that fucntions to direct movements toward a goal or to perform a task, such as grapsing an object; lies postieriro to the conetral sulcus and beneath the parietal bone at the top of the skull.

Front 34

Parkinson's disease

Back 34

Disorder of the motor system correlated with loss of dompaine to the brain and characterized by tremors, muscular rigitity, and a reduction in voluntary movement.

Front 35

phenotypic plasticity

Back 35

An individuals capaticy to develop into more than one phenotype.

Front 36

reticular formation

Back 36

Midbrain area in which nuclie and fiber pathways are mixed, producint a netlike appearance; associated with sleep-wake behaviour and bheavioural arousal.

Front 37

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Back 37

Part of the PSN that includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the muscles, joints and skin that produce movement, transmit incoming snesory input, and inform the CNS about the position and movement of body parts.

Front 38

stroke

Back 38

Sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely interrupted blood flow.

Front 39

sulcus (pl. sulci)

Back 39

A groove in brain matter, usually a groove found in the neocortex or cerebellu,.

Front 40

sympathetic division

Back 40

Part of the autonomic nervous system; arouses the body for action, such as mediating the involuntary fight or flight response to alarm by increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

Front 41

tectum

Back 41

Roof (area above the ventricle) of the midbrain; its functions are sneosry processing, particualry visual and auditory, and the production of orienting movements.

Front 42

tegmentum

Back 42

Floor (area below the ventricle) of the midbrain; a collection of nuclei wihth movment related, species specific, and pain-perception functions

Front 43

temporal lobe

Back 43

Part of the cerebral cortex that functions in connections with hearing, language, and musical abilities; lies below the lateral fissure, beneath the temporal bone at the side of the skull.

Front 44

thalamus

Back 44

Diencephalon structure through which information from all snesory systems is integrated and porjected into the appropriate region of the neocortex.

Front 45

Tourette's syndrome

Back 45

Disorder of the basal ganglia characterized by tics, involuntary cocalizations (including curse words and animal sounds), and odd, involuntary movments of the body, especially of the face and head.

Front 46

tract

Back 46

Large collection of axons coursing together within the cnetral nervous system.

Front 47

ventricle

Back 47

One of four cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and may play a role in maintaining brain metabolism.

Front 48

vertebrae (sing. vertebra)

Back 48

The bones that form the spinal column.

Front 49

white matter

Back 49

Areas of the nervous sytem rich in fat-sheathed neural axons that form the connections between brain cells.