Alterations Of Pulmonary Function In Children

Front 1

Most children who aspirate a foreign object are between __ and __ years of age

Back 1

1
3

Front 2

Fewer than __ of children who aspirate a foreign object seek medical care during the first 24 hours.

Back 2

1/3

Front 3

Foreign bodies lodged in the upper trachea typically produce __ __

Back 3

inspiratory stridor

Front 4

Foreign bodies located in the lower intrathoracic airways more commonly produce __

Back 4

wheezing

Front 5

About __ of aspirated foreign bodies lodge in a __

Back 5

75%
bronchus

Front 6

__ will be visible on a CXR or air will accumulate distal to the obstruction if the object is causing a __-__ effect.

Back 6

Atelectasis
ball-valve

Front 7

__ is a localized edema involving the deep, subQ layers of skin or mucous membranes.

Back 7

Angioedema

Front 8

__ is usually secondary to allergic phenomena, and standard treatment includes __, __, and __ if airway compromise is apparent.

Back 8

Angioedema
epinephrine
antihistamines
steroids

Front 9

Most foreign bodies can be removed by __; rarely is a pulmonary __ required.

Back 9

bronchoscopy
lobectomy

Front 10

An inherited deficiency of __ inhibitor is characterized by recurring attacks of angioedema involving subQ tissue.

Back 10

C-1

Front 11

A complication of endotracheal intubation is __ stenosis.

Back 11

subglottic

Front 12

Factors that contribute to subglottic __ include long-term assisted __, use of an endotracheal tube that is too __, excessive movement of the __, and individual susceptibility.

Back 12

stenosis
ventilation
large
tube

Front 13

For significant subglottic __, __ or __ reconstructive surgery may be needed.

Back 13

stenosis
tracheostomy
tracheal

Front 14

__ is the most common cause of chronic stridor in infants, but is usually mild and improves spontaneously over the first year of life as the supra__ cartileage structures stiffen.

Back 14

Laryngomalacia
supralaryngeal

Front 15

In __, the epiglottis or arytenoids or both fold __ with inspiration, partially covering the __.

Back 15

laryngomalacia
inward
glottis

Front 16

In __, the tracheal cartilages tend to __ during the __ cycle. Symptoms are more subtle than in __.

Back 16

tracheomalacia
collapse
respiratory
laryngomalacia

Front 17

__ __ occurs from age __ to __ years, secondary to S. aureus and H. influenzae, and manifests with inflammation of __ trachea. High fever, thick harsh cough, purulent secretions are symptomatic.

Back 17

Bacterial tracheitis
1
12
upper

Front 18

__ __ occurs > age __, secondary to S. aureus and Hemolytic streptococci, and manifests with abscess in __ pharyngeal wall. Sore throat, __, muffled voice, __.

Back 18

Retropharyngeal abscess
6
posterior
fever
drools

Front 19

__ occurs > 9 yrs, secondary to S. aureus and H. strepto__, and manifests with abscess in or around tonsil. Similar to retro__ asbscess.

Back 19

Peritonsillar
cocci
pharyngeal

Front 20

__ __ or croup __ mo to __ yr, secondary to parainfluenza, influenza __, and respiratory __ viruses. Inflammation from vocal cords to __ lumina.

Back 20

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
6 mo to 5 years
A
syncytial
bronchial

Front 21

Acute laryngotracheabronchitis have the following symptoms: __ of rhinorrhea and sore throat, harsh __, stridor, fever, nasal discharge, con__. Treatment includes: __ and nebulized __

Back 21

prodrome
cough
conjunctivitis
epinephrine
steroids

Front 22

__ occurs between __ and __ years secondary to H. influenzae and Group __ streptococci. Inflammation of supra__ structures.

Back 22

Epiglottitis
2
6
A
glottic

Front 23

Congenital malformations are often thought to be __ at first.

Back 23

GERD

Front 24

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is usually seen in children with __ hypertrophy, obesity, or craniofacial anomalies. Children are most often referred for _ & _.

Back 24

adenotonsillar
tonsillectomy
adenoidectomy

Front 25

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, also known as __ __ disease, is a lack of adequate __ to reduce alveolar __ tension. The small, underdeveloped alveoli of preterm infants require very __ pressures to inflate. Widespread __ occurs, causing respiratory distress and increased pulmonary __ resistance.

Back 25

hyaline membrane
surfactant
surface
high
atelectasis
vascular

Front 26

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance causes __ of the blood __ from the lungs and results in persistent fetal circulation, which further compounds the problem of __ and hyper__.

Back 26

shunting
away
hypoxia
hypercapnia

Front 27

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance causes the increase of capillary __, which results in the leakage of plasma __. Fibrin deposits in the air spaces create the appearance of __ membranes.

Back 27

permeability
proteins
hyaline

Front 28

Hypoxia and hypercapnia trigger __ of the pulmonary vascular bed and exacerbate __. Prolonged anaerobic metabolism produces __ __.

Back 28

vasoconstriction
shunting
metabolic acidosis

Front 29

Manifestations of RDS (Respiratory Distress Syndrome) include __pnea, expiratory __, intercostal and subcostal retractions, nasal __, and skin duskiness. Treatment is supported with mechanical __.Exogenous sur__ administration has contributed to the treatment of RDS.
Nitrous __ has been used for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Antenatal treatment with gluco__ for women in preterm labor (24 to 34 weeks) significantly accelerates lung maturation and reduces RDS incidence rate.

Back 29

tachy
grunting
flaring
ventilation
surfactant
oxide
corticoids

Front 30

__pulmonary dys__ is a severe form of lung __ associated with neonatal chronic lung disease.

Back 30

Broncho
dyspnea
damage

Front 31

Most common cause of bronchiolitis is __ __ virus, followed by adeno__, influenza, parainfluenza, and mycoplasma in older children. Usual manifestation is an infant who develops __ symptoms.

Back 31

respiratory syncytial
adenoviurs
mild cold

Front 32

1. During times of respiratory distress, the infant's chest wall may flex inward and limit functional respiratory capacity because of chest wall __ and __.

Back 32

flexibility
compliance

Front 33

2. At birth, the infant has small, immature alveoli that cause __ to air flow.

Back 33

increased resistance

Front 34

3. Surfactant production begins by __ weeks of gestation.

Back 34

20-24 weeks

Front 35

4. Failure to produce surfactant at birth results in severe __ and RDS of the newborn.

Back 35

atelectasis

Front 36

5. __ is a disease process primarily caused by hyper-responsive airways that are sensitive to certain environmental triggers.

Back 36

asthma

Front 37

6. Children have greater __ and __ than adults.

Back 37

metabolic rates
oxygen consumption

Front 38

7. Epiglottitis is characterized by:
a. gradual onset
b. severe stridor
c. harsh cough
d. nasal discharge

Back 38

b. severe stridor

Front 39

8. Laryngotracheobronchitis is characterized by:
a. drooling
b. H. influenza infections
c. group A streptococcal infections
d. inflammation from vocal cords to bronchial lumina

Back 39

d. inflammation from vocal cords to bronchial lumina

Front 40

9. The common cause of bronchiolitis is:
a. H. influenzae
b. exposure to allergens
c. parainfluenza virus
d. respiratory syncytial virus

Back 40

d. respiratory syncytial virus

Front 41

10. Most children who aspirate foreign material:
a. exhibit quiescent intervals before symptoms appear
b. remove the offending object by coughing
c. lodged in the trachea exhibit wheezing
d. lodged in airways exhibit stridor

Back 41

a.

Front 42

11. Staphyloccocal pneumonia results in:
a. mild systemic symptoms
b. upper respiratory tract involvement
c. lobar involvement
d. a typical pneumonia

Back 42

c. lobar involvement

Front 43

12. Which is true of childhood pneumonia?
a. all pneumonias are mostly lobar
b. systemic involvement is greater in viral than in bacterial pneumonia
c. viral pneumonias are often preceded by a "cold"
d. All

Back 43

c. viral pneumonia often preceded by a cold

Front 44

13. SIDS occurs between __ and __ months of age.

Back 44

3
4

Front 45

14. Cystic fibrosis is:
a. a multi-system disease
b. a defect that results in overproduction of viscous mucus
c. a disease for which it is difficult to detect carriers through genetic testing
d. diagnosed through chloride sweat testing
e. a, b, and c

Back 45

e.

Front 46

16. Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn:
a. exhibits vasodilation of the pulmonary vascular bed
b. develops less capillary permeability, which causes fibrin deposits
c. can be treated with nitric oxide to alleviate pulmonary hypertension
d. can be treated at birth by the administration of glucocorticoids

Back 46

c. can be treated with nitric oxide to alleviate pulmonary hypertension