• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/62

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
biomedical model to biopsychosocial model
-discovery of micro-organisms and development of antibiotic meds
chronic condition
- no known cure "magic bullet"
- live long but with poor quality of life
-expensive health care required
limits of biomedical model
-no cure for chronic conditions with no "magic bullet" (cancer, heart disease, stroke)
-health care costs rise

*therefore move to biopsychosocial model
history of biopsychosocial model FRUED
"psychosomatic medicine"

Freud: specific unconcious conflicts can lead to specific physical disturbance; the person is freed from anxiety because the conflict has been converted into a physical sympton
- example: conversion hysteria
Glove anesthesia (FRUED)
example of conversion disorder:

-mental disorder involving loss of sensistivity in the hand/wrist
-since no combination of nerves serve this ares it is clearly psychogenic in origin
-there is no physiological mechanism
history of biopsychosocial model Helen Flanders DUNBAR and Franz Alexander
-psychological conflicts produce anxiety which has a physiological effect through the autonomic nervous system
-**patterns of personality (unlike area of conflic like Freud) are linked to specific

-main authors of psychosomatic model
Psychosomatic medicine
-influenced by psychoanalysis
-focused on psychoanalytic treatment
ex. hypertension is connected to an inability to express feelings of anger in an appropriate manner

-divided the world of illness into medical and psychosomaic
ex. asthma = psychosomatic, cancer = medical
Peptic Ulcers
example of early psychosomatic medicine

-form in the stomach/duedenum

by a psychosomatic pov, caused by: infantile dependancy, feelings of inferiority etc.

-blames victim and victim's family

but in reality, a bacterium (H. pylori) or exessive amounts of NSAIDs like aspirin causes it
criticism of early psychosomatic medicine
1. research methodologically unsound (corss-sectional, hostile personality -> rheumatoid arthritis[what's the causal direction????] or retrospective contaminatoin, maternal stress -> down's syndrome [conclusions drawn are not accurate])

2. personality/conflict generally do not sufficient to cause illness (only in combination with other factors)

3. all conditions of health and disease are interwoven in this way; the mind and body cannot be separated
(see slide)
Rise of health psych
changing pattern of illness from acute to chronic illness
Recent leading causes of death
1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. stroke

prevention = changing health behaviours
Potential years of life lost (PYLL)
how many years of life is lost when a person dies prematurely from disease
Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR)
number of new cases of a disease that would occur in the pop if it had the same age distribution over a specified period of time
baby boomers
medical costs will become to great for america

number one fiscal challenge
health care costs
less in canada than in the states
increase in health care cost due to chronic conditions and advances in med technology then later baby boomers
key health behaviours for prevention of disease
maintain a healthy weight
physical activity
eat fruits and veggies
safe sex
sunscreen use
alcohol in moderation
obesity problems
epidemic in the usa
fruit/vegetable trends
physical activity trends
human development index
life expectancy, literacy rate and school enrolment,
adjusted per capita income
health in the US (video clip)
inequality creates lower ranking (15th, Canada in top 3), health care based on making a profit
no health care is not why people are unhealthy
Sex differences in mortality
women on average consistantly live longer then men
- gender gap is somewhat closing as women are getting working-force related diseases
-men have higher proportion of their life in good health
-large disparity in lowest income group
usa vs canada
disparity in health care, private issues
income vs. mortality and morbidity
highly correlated
african american woman
higher infant mortality rate (even college degree vs. white w/out high school education
First nations correlation with health
even worse than income
* not exclusive to first nations only living on a reserve
First nations
higher in heart attacks and stroke (lifestyle related diseases)
type 2 diabetes and First Nations (video)
people who don't have access to healthy foods are most susceptible
-not genetic, linked to income and determined largely by diet
-prevalence of disability are far higher first nations without
-behavioural/mental health realm in regards to FN is important as well; they think diabetes is inevitable
diabetes prevention
(video)
primary - invest least resources (prevention)
secondary -
tertiary - invest most resources (dialysis, amputations)


-competing agendas between corporations and the well-being of the public
-should invest in primary prevention and not rely on medical model to that for the pubic
cigarette smoking and FNs
lung cancer rates among the inuit are the highest in the world
-53% over age of 12 in Nunavut smoke daily compared to 22% national
-64% over the age of 15 smoke daily (FN in Nunavut)
FN smoking during pregnancy
80% of pregnant women in Nunavut smoke
-most unhealthy newborns in the country
-1/2 end up in hospital early in their lives
-4x more likely to be hospitalized for a serious lunch infection in 1st 2 years of life which sets you up later in life for chronic lung disease
gap between canadians/registered FNs
gap is closing slowling NOT due to life expectanccy but in terms of human development index
life expectancy, literacy, ? (see Human development index)
qualitative method
rich contextual meaning useful when studying topics unfamiliar to research team
*no internal validity
*participants are possibly telling us more than they can know
-search for meaning (Taylor)
-retrospective contamination (Mechanic)
-mood dependent memory (eich)
-differential verbal abilities and insight
independent variable
predictor variable
experimental designs
1. true experiments
2. quasi-experiments (health psych)

*low ecological/external validity (relevant for real life)
*many ethical issues in health related experiments
stress studied in different circumstances
in lab: acute stress is studied
real life:
-stress-event sequences: are much more common (example losses, immigration, retirement, status change, finances) (not possible to study in true experiments due to ethical issues)
-chronic/chronic intermittent stressors: (role strains, demand underload or overload, daily hassles, social isolation (not able to study in lab)
retrospective method
clients look back and rate their measured variable

see counfounds

famous case: life changing events/stress and health
case control method
identify case (with disease)
identify controls (withouht disease)

and match them on key varibales and demographics and examines differences in prior exposure
(similar to retrospective as it looks back in time)
longitudinal methods
-costly
-questions may be dated
-3rd variable problem

advantages
-helps to determine cause and effect
-can examine long-term effects
prospective design
(similar to longitudinal)
both follow across time
-costly
-best method for health psych bc:
*pick up Ps before event of interest occurs
*independent v is measured prior to occurence of morbidity or mortality
*used to predict death/disease
*allows examination of cause of disease of death using naturalistic design
prospecteive pro/cons
con
-costly, time consuming
-may need high to get enough cases with outcome of interest

pro
-good methos for determining cause and effect
-use statistical controls for eliminating potentiAl third variable
-ecological validity
daily process method
-follow subjects daily across days, weeks

con (correlational problems)
-3rd variable problem
-lower internal validity
-labour intensive
daily process method
paper vs electronics
alcohol comsumption - short term consequences (4)
1. reduced coordination
2. diminished cognitive ability (short term affects - judgment/decision-making)
3. aggression
4. accidents
alcohol - long term consequences of heavy drinking (5-6 glasses per day) (4)
1. liver damage
-cirrhosis of the liver (scar tissue in liver) - 10th leasing cause of death in us
2.korsakoff's syndrome
-alcohol blocks uptake up thiamine/vit B
-neurological damage (cognitive impairments, disorientation, severe memory loss for recent events -> inability to learn, function in adult life)
3. respiratory distress and cardiovascular functioning (as well as short term)
4. cancer
harm prevention (scientific vs. political agendas)
- adding thiamine (vit B) to alcohol
- political impact (us govt banned adding thiamine to alcohol as it would encourage alcohol use)
alcohol in moderation
1/2 - 1 servings per day for women
1-2 servings per day for men
drinking and pregnancy
-leading cause of PREVENTABLE birth defects in NA (365 babies born with FAS per year) and effects 1/100 babies
FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder) syndrome vs. effects
FAS:
-small head body
-facial characteristics
-brain damage
FAE:
-symptoms not readily visible
-behaviour disorders
-attention deficits
FASD symptoms
-attention deficits
-memory deficits
-hyperactive
-difficult with abstract concepts (math, time, money)
-poor problem solving skills
-difficulty learning from consequences
-poor judgement
-immature behaviour
-poor impulse control
FASD secondary symptoms
-mental illness
-school suspensions
-disobedient behaviours
-perpetration of sexual abuse
-abuse alcohol and drugs (no judgement)
-difficulty with independent living/job
-early or unwanted pregnancy
internal validity
determining cause and effect
external validity
generalizable?
single case study
useful for rare disorders
Taylor Study of Women with Breast Cancer (qualitative interview)
1. Search for meaning
95% had a cause in mind (stress, carcinogens, hereditary factors, diet, trauma on breast), vs. 63% of their partners. Positive meaning, better adjustment.
2. Attempts to regain mastery over the event in particular and life in general (perceived control)
65% perceived some or a lot of control over course of cancer.
3. Efforts to restore self-esteem through self-enhancing evaluations (social comparison)
disadvantages of experimental studies in health psych
-ethical issues
-Low ecological/external validity
Does the experimental manipulation have relevance to real life?
Sometimes the way we manipulate our independent variables isn’t very related to anything of importance in life outside the lab.
Acute stressors
Physical illness (including surgery, hospitalization)
Threats to self esteem
Traumatic experiences
Chronic and chronic intermittent stressors
Daily "hassles"
Demand underload or overload
Role strains
Social isolation
Stress-event sequences
Bereavement
Losses or any type (physical, psychological, or social)
Migration
Retirement
Status change (e.g., job change, salary change, marriage
quasi-experiment in health psyc
Advantages:
Potentially increased ecological validity compared to a true experiment.
Disadvantages:
Decreased internal validity compared to a true experimental design.
Ethical Concern:
It’s still an intervention and researchers must take care therefore to insure the intervention improves health or at least does no harm.
Rodin and Langer
nurse and patient study
correlational study
low internal validity
DMS dependent
1. develop tolerance.
2withdrawal (Delirium tremens is a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes (psychosis) or neurologic changes (including seizures) caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol. Rapid pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, and temperature elevation also may be present.)
3.taken in large amounts over a long period of time
4.lots of effort on obtaining substance
5. normal activities interrupted
6. persisten desire to cut back

(phisiological if with tolerance and withdrawal)
DSM substance abuse
failure to do well in obgligations
use of substance in a dangerous manner
legal problems