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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?
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In order to gain a desired response from the audience
Know who you are speaking to, what you want to accomplish, and the most effective way to reach your audience good way to do this is identification |
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What are the six demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? why is each important to audience analysis?
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-Age- generational differences
-Gender- using he/she, values -Sexual Orientation- Careful about using language only for married couples -Racial, Ethnic, Culture- how might these difference affect their reactions to your speech -Religion- among the most emotionally charged and passionatly defended issues -Group Membership |
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What is situational audience analysis?
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Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
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What are the three kinds of questions used in questionnaires?
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1) Fixed Alternative questions
2) Scale Questions 3)Open Ended Questions |
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Why is it a good idea to use all three types of questions in an audience analysis?
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1) Fixed Alternative questions: offer a fixed choice between two or more responses, gives you clear answers
2) Scale Questions: allow for more leeway in responses, get the strength of respondent's attitudes 3)Open Ended Questions: maximum leeway- increase the likelihood of getting an answer that will not be useful |
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In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life? (3)
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- ranked first among the personal qualities of college graduates sought by employers
- Civic engagement - Form of empowerment, make a difference in things people care about o Opportunity to make a difference in something YOU care about |
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How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation? (4)
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-organize your thoughts
-tailor message to specific audience -maximize the impact on audience -adapt message to listener feedback |
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How is public speaking different than every day conversation? (3)
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-PS is highly structured. It has a time limit, allows for questions, and you are usually speaking for a purpose
-PS more formal language. You cannot use slang and bad grammar when delivering a speech - PS requires different method of delivery. No “like” or “you know”, it also must be loud, with good posture, and avoid distracting mannerisms. |
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Why is it normal, even desirable, to be nervous at the start of a speech?
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-normal to be nervous before doing -Body is responding to a stressful situation by producing adrenaline
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How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your presentation? (5)
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-Prepare- each minute requires one -Think positively- 5 positive things for every 1 negative thing
-Use the power of visualization -Most nervousness is not visual to the audience -Don’t expect perfection |
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What are the seven elements of the speech communication process?
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Speaker
Message Channel Listener Feedback Interference Situation |
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Interference (internal and external)
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Interference can be external or internal to listeners
• External to audience- things outside distracting audience • Internal to audience- distractions within the audience |
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What is ethnocentrism?
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belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
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Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnic backgrounds?
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o Avoiding it does not mean you must agree with the values and practices of all groups and cultures, but it shows you respect the people you address.
o You need to know your audience and any cultural factors that may affect their response to your speech. o Visual elements help bridge a gap in language and cultural background differences |
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Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?
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o It is important to use the specific purpose to narrow down your speech so it focuses on one area of your topic. It helps you decide specifically what you hope to accomplish by giving your speech
o It is important to list your audience because it helps keep the audience at the center of your attention as your prepare your speech. It shows you what you want them to know as a result of your speech. o Constantly keep in mind the people for whom your speech is intended |
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What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose
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o Write purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not just a fragment
o Express purpose as a statement, not as a question o Avoid figurative language in purpose statement (don’t use opinion) o Limit purpose statement to only one idea o Make sure specific purpose is not too vague or general |
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What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose
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o Does purpose meet the assignment?
o Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? o Is the purpose relevant to my audience? o Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? o Is the purpose too technical for my audience? |
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Specific Purpose
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a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
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Central Idea
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a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech (what you expect to say, thesis statement)
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What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?
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• expressed in a full sentence
• not in the form of a question • avoid figurative language • not too vague or overly general |
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Plagiarism
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To present another person's language or ideas as one's own
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Global Plagiarism
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Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
Best way to avoid is to not save your speech until the last minute |
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Patchwork Plagiarism
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Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
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Incremental plagiarism
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Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
- Quotations - Paraphrasing |
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How to use quotations
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Clearly identify and give them total credit for the quote
Use if their words will add something to your speech |
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Paraphrasing
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To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
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What are the three major criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the web?
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1) authorship- qualifications, expert, objective, can you find the authors credentials or do you need to google them to find out more information
2) sponsorship- who is sponsoring the webpage, what is the url? .gov .edu .org are trusted URLS 3) Recency- How up to date is the information? copyright ect |
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What are the three kinds of examples discussed? How might you use each to support your ideas?
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1) brief examples- specific instances, may give several to create a strong impression
2) extended examples- often called illustrations or narratives, are long are more detailed 3) hypothetical examples- describe imaginary situations and can be effective for relating ideas to the audience |
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What are 5 tips for using examples in your speech?
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Use to clarify ideas
Use to reinforce ideas Use to personalize ideas Make examples vivid and richly textured Practice to enhance extended examples |
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What are six tips for using stats in your speech
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Use to quantify ideas- numerical precision
Use them sparingly Identify the source of stat Explain your stat Round off complicated stats Use visual aids to clarify stat trend |
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What is a testimony?
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quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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Expert testimony vs peer testimony
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Testimony from people who are recognized as experts in their fields vs. testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
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4 tips in using a testimony in speeches
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Quote and paraphrase accurately (in context)
Use testimony from a qualified source Use from an unbiased source Identify the people you are quoting |
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How many main points will your speech usually contain? Why is it important to limit this number?
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Most only contain 2 or 3
If you have too many points, it will confuse the audience |
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Chronological order
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Follow a time pattern, narrate series of events
Explaining a process or demonstration INFORMATIVE SPEECHES |
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Spatial Order
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Directional pattern, bottom to top, left to right
INFORMATIVE SPEECHES |
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Casual Order
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Show a cause-effect relationship
PERSUASIVE AND INFORMATIVE SPEECHES |
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Problem- Solution Order
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Shows how to fix a problem
PERSUASIVE SPEECHES |
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Topical Order
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Divide the speech into subtopics
separate into topics or sections.... kinds parts ect Used more often than any other method of speech organization |
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3 tips for preparing main points?
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Keep main points separate- don't lump together
Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points Balance the amount of time devoted to main points |
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4 kinds of speech connectives
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Transitions
Internal Previews Internal summary Signposts |
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Transitions
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Word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another
Used when we are done talking about a topic |
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Internal Summary
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Statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
Remind the listeners of what they just heard. Clarify and reinforce ideas, lead audience smoothly into next point |
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Internal Preview
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Lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
helps the audience know what to listen for as the speaker develops, use when you think they need help keeping track of your ideas |
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Signposts
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Brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in a speech
first second third questions... so how can we do this? Why is this a problem? indicate where you are in a speech and focus attention on key ideas |
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What are 4 objectives of a speech introduction
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Get attention and interest of audience
Reveal the topic Establish credibility Preview the body of the speech |
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Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?
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being qualified and being perceived as qualified to deliver your topic
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What is a preview statement and why should you always include one?
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a statement in the intro of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech
is important because will help your audience listen and pay attention They provide a smooth lead in to your body |
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What are 5 tips for preparing your intro?
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-Keep it brief 10-20% of speech
-Be on the lookout for possible intro materials -Be creative -Don't worry about exact wording until after you prepared the body -Work it out in detail |
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What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?
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Let the audience know you are ending the speech
Reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea |
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What are 4 ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?
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Summarize your speech
End with a quotation Make a dramatic statement Refer to the introduction |
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What are four tips for preparing your conclusion?
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-keep eye out for possible conclusion materials
-conclude with a bang and be creative - don't be long winded 5-10% of speech - don't leave anything to chance, practice and deliver |
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What is a preparation outline? (9 things)
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a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
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What are the 8 guidelines discussed for writing a preparation outline?
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state specific purpose
identify central idea label the intro, body, conclusion use consistent bulleting state main & sub points in full sentences label transitions, internal summeraries, and internal previews attach bibliography give your speech a title |
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What is a speaking outline and what are the 4 guidelines to writing one?
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brief outline used to job a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
follow visual framework in prep outline make sure it is legible keep it brief give yourself cues |
