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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Denotative Meaning
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

precise, literal, objective
Connotative Meaning
The meaning suggested by the association or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

variable, figurative, subjective
How might you use denotative and connotative meanings each to convey your message most effectively?
Connotative- gives words their intensity, arouses listeners emotions... poets use connotative words to enrich their meaning

Denotative- addressing a controversial issue and want to appear impartial
What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speech?
Taking the occasion, audience, topic, and speaker into consideration

Don't offend the audience, avoid abusive language. Don't use weird metaphors
Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language?
Not to offend audience
To include everyone
To be more accurate
Showing respect
Inclusive Language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
What are five usages of inclusive language which have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?
- Avoid generic "he"

- Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women

- Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender

- Avoid identifying personal traits that are unrelated to the topic
exampe: Condaleeza Rice, an African-American woman, has had a major impact on US foreign policy

-Use names that groups use to identify themselves
example: use homosexuals, orientals
What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?
Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
What are the elements of good speech delivery?
Doesn't call attention to itself
Conveys ideas clearly, interestingly
Doesn't distract audience
What are eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?
Volume
Pitch- inflections, monotone
Rate- most 125-150 words per min
Pauses
Vocal Variety
Pronunciation
Articulation
Dialect
What are four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?
- Personal Appearance- keep with occasion
- Movement- dont pace or rock, before and after speech
- Gestures- can add but can be distracting, try to forget about your hands
- Eye Contact
What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?
- go through preparation outline aloud
-prepare speaking outline
- practice with only speaking outline
- polish and refine delivery, mirror, friends
- dress rehearsal under conditions as close to class as possible
What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? (2)
-Formulate answers to possible questions
-Practice delivery of answers
What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the q&a session? (6)
Clarify format
Approach with positive attitude
Listen carefully
Direct answers to the entire audience
honest and straightforward
stay on track
What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?
Clarity
Interest
Retention
Combat stage fright
What guidelines are given for presenting visual aids? (7)
Avoid using chalkboard for aid
Display where listeners can see
Avoid passing among audience
Display only when discussing
Talk to audience, not aid
Explain clearly and concisely
Practice with visual aid
Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic?
In most speeches, listeners are only vaguely knowledgeable

explain everything thoroughly so that they cannot help but understand

simple, break it down
What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to your audience?
engage them in intro, scenario
put listeners in body of speech
you, your
What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?
What is too technical to be explained in time of speech

jargon that is related to your topic
What does it mean to say speakers should personalize their ideas?
dramatize them in human terms

stories
What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech?
Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?
-Ethics
-Objectives are more ambitious
-Audience analysis and adaption become more demanding
-Controversy
What does it mean to say that audiences engage in mental dialog with the speaker as they listen to a speech?
Audience actively assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals
What implications does mental give and take hold for effective persuasive speaking?
must think about the audience's mental dialogue

anticipate possible objections

put yourself in the audience's shoes
What are questions of fact?

Example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above will hit california in the next 10 years
How does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech?
informative speech- nonpartisan situation, impartial, teacher

persuasive- speaker is an advocate, present a particular view
What are questions of value?

Example of specific purpose statement for persuasive speech
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation
What are questions of policy

Example of specific purpose statement for persuasive speech
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

To persuade my audience to give blood through the red cross

To persuade my audience that the use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is creating health and environmental problems
What are the five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence?
-Gain attention of audience
-Make your audience have need for change
-Satisfy the need with a solution for the problem
-Visualization- show the benefits with imagery ect
- Action, tell them what to do and how to do it
Why is Monroe's motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?
it is a specialized sequence that prompts listeners to act and gives them the specific instructions for an action
What is credibility?
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
What two factors exert the most influence on audience's perception of a speakers credibility?
Competence- how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

Character- how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience
What is the difference among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?
Initial- before they start the speech

Derived- produced by everything they do during the speech

Terminal- at the end of the speech
What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?
-Explain your competence- say why you are able to speak on the topic

-Establish common ground with your audience- listen tot heir values, relate to them

-Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify 3 methods you can use to generate emotional appeals in your speeches
Use emotional language

Vivid examples

Speak with sincerity and conviction