• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/31

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
term stress
umbrella for diverse negative experiences that seem to have a similar impact on the body (negative effect on well being)
occam's
choose the most parsimonious...??
3 basic definitions of stress
organism response (selye;cannon)
environmental stimulus (holmes&rahe)
person-environment transaction (lazarus)
history of stress-construct
19th century: Osler - Stress causes disease
20th century: Cannon, Selye - response definition (fight or flight, more so acute stressors)
Response Definition of Stress
Stress: physiological response to noxious stimulus
Non-specific response: no matter what the noxious stimulus, physiological response should be the same (if response different and you have different physiological responses, you cannot define them as the same thing) -> the simplicity and demise of response definition
Response Stress; Cannon's model
stress response occurs involuntarily via the autonomic nervous system (ANS) then SNS takes over; mobilization

HPA axis = hypthalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

ACTH = adrenocorticotrophic hormone

cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Response Stress; Selye's model
general adaptation syndrome: his term of stress found after injecting estrogen/control into rats

3 stages: 1 alarm (physiological mobilization for action) (aka cannon's fight or flight)
2 resistance (body tries to adapt)
3 exhaustion (breakdown of organs -> death)

Problem: variations on response depending on characteristics of indiviudal and characteristics of stimuli... if you define stress an one orcastrated response, but it is different for different people.. what is stress?
Response Stress; Lazarus' model
Large individual differences in reactions to stress

From stimulus to stimulus, loss events -> decreased stomach ulceration, BUT threatening events lead to increased stomach ulceration (Wolff)
Stimulus Definition of Stress
(more scientific) Wolff
stress = noxious stimulus
-noticed live events preceded illness
Holmes and Rahe
Study of Life Change Events
to investigate wether life changes (stress) predict illness

relationship (small but significant)

-criticism of major life change approach; not all changes are stressful, and sometimes no change can be stressful (expecting to get married but not), chronic stressors not accounted for (role strain), retrospective contamination, small relationship , individual variation (neurotism 3rd variable?)
see missed slides from jan 23
x
gender differences in fight/flight responses

tending
tending instead of fleeing (women) -> nurturant behaviour
-continues and reinforced within evolution

-release of hormone oxytocin = physiological response to stress and promotes caregiving behaviour
-decreases the stress responses typical to fight/flight
befriending
robust gender diff.
women seek support in stressful situations while men don't

-oxytocin enhances social contact and inhibits aggression

-the same may occur in males but males are less likely to have natualy high levels of oxytocin
long term stress
headaches, heart problems, depressions, twitches, skin problems, ulcers, bowel syndrom, more susceptible to colds/lung infections, mouth ulcers, mentrual disorders, pre ejac
stress and common cold -sheldon cohen
one factor why some get sick rather than others: score on perceived stress level
those with lower scores were significantly more likely to not get sick
missed slides from feb 28
x
social support (stress)
functional content and quality of relationships
social netoworks (stress)
the web and quantity XXX
four types of social support
1. emotional support
2. informational support (advice and information from others)
3.tangible support (material aid from others)
4.self-esteem/appraisal support (feeling valued and respected by others, reassurance)
subdivision of social support (perception)
1. perceived available support (=prospective)
2. actually received support (= retrospective)
3. provided support (= retrospective)
mechanisms of social support (schwarzer)
social support
-structural
-functional
affects physiology through
-health related behaviours (diet, sport, smoking)
-other psychological mechanisms (emotions, feelings of control, ruminative thinking)
which affect morbitiy
which affects mortality depending on social support
sheldon cohen social network diversity study
quantity and quality of relationships is protective
- people with fewer than 4 types of social relations were over 4x more likely to watch a cold than those with six of more types
support -> appraisal and coping -> pain
positive framing decreases pain
the main effects hypothesis (social support effect well-being)
level of stress doesn't make a difference
-level of support predicts morbidity and mortality

graph: two lines even spaced as they increase
the buffering hypothesis (social support effect well-being)
x
missed from friday march 4
x
caveats and critical issues
Negative support PREDICTS outcomes better than positive support -Rock
bad vs. good
bad emotins have more impact
we spend more time avoiding negative issues than pursuing positive ones
bad is stronger than good
larger effects
consistent findings
longer lasting effects
why does bad win?
-bad info is processed more thoroughly
-adaptive in evolutionary terms (baumeister)
mixed effects of social support-
social support can either
1. promote a sense of self-efficacy and self-esteem OR
2. become disabling by reinforcing dependence (eg. pain patients)