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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
term stress
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umbrella for diverse negative experiences that seem to have a similar impact on the body (negative effect on well being)
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occam's
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choose the most parsimonious...??
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3 basic definitions of stress
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organism response (selye;cannon)
environmental stimulus (holmes&rahe) person-environment transaction (lazarus) |
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history of stress-construct
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19th century: Osler - Stress causes disease
20th century: Cannon, Selye - response definition (fight or flight, more so acute stressors) |
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Response Definition of Stress
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Stress: physiological response to noxious stimulus
Non-specific response: no matter what the noxious stimulus, physiological response should be the same (if response different and you have different physiological responses, you cannot define them as the same thing) -> the simplicity and demise of response definition |
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Response Stress; Cannon's model
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stress response occurs involuntarily via the autonomic nervous system (ANS) then SNS takes over; mobilization
HPA axis = hypthalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ACTH = adrenocorticotrophic hormone cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Response Stress; Selye's model
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general adaptation syndrome: his term of stress found after injecting estrogen/control into rats
3 stages: 1 alarm (physiological mobilization for action) (aka cannon's fight or flight) 2 resistance (body tries to adapt) 3 exhaustion (breakdown of organs -> death) Problem: variations on response depending on characteristics of indiviudal and characteristics of stimuli... if you define stress an one orcastrated response, but it is different for different people.. what is stress? |
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Response Stress; Lazarus' model
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Large individual differences in reactions to stress
From stimulus to stimulus, loss events -> decreased stomach ulceration, BUT threatening events lead to increased stomach ulceration (Wolff) |
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Stimulus Definition of Stress
(more scientific) Wolff |
stress = noxious stimulus
-noticed live events preceded illness |
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Holmes and Rahe
Study of Life Change Events |
to investigate wether life changes (stress) predict illness
relationship (small but significant) -criticism of major life change approach; not all changes are stressful, and sometimes no change can be stressful (expecting to get married but not), chronic stressors not accounted for (role strain), retrospective contamination, small relationship , individual variation (neurotism 3rd variable?) |
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see missed slides from jan 23
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x
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gender differences in fight/flight responses
tending |
tending instead of fleeing (women) -> nurturant behaviour
-continues and reinforced within evolution -release of hormone oxytocin = physiological response to stress and promotes caregiving behaviour -decreases the stress responses typical to fight/flight |
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befriending
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robust gender diff.
women seek support in stressful situations while men don't -oxytocin enhances social contact and inhibits aggression -the same may occur in males but males are less likely to have natualy high levels of oxytocin |
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long term stress
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headaches, heart problems, depressions, twitches, skin problems, ulcers, bowel syndrom, more susceptible to colds/lung infections, mouth ulcers, mentrual disorders, pre ejac
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stress and common cold -sheldon cohen
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one factor why some get sick rather than others: score on perceived stress level
those with lower scores were significantly more likely to not get sick |
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missed slides from feb 28
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x
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social support (stress)
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functional content and quality of relationships
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social netoworks (stress)
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the web and quantity XXX
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four types of social support
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1. emotional support
2. informational support (advice and information from others) 3.tangible support (material aid from others) 4.self-esteem/appraisal support (feeling valued and respected by others, reassurance) |
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subdivision of social support (perception)
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1. perceived available support (=prospective)
2. actually received support (= retrospective) 3. provided support (= retrospective) |
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mechanisms of social support (schwarzer)
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social support
-structural -functional affects physiology through -health related behaviours (diet, sport, smoking) -other psychological mechanisms (emotions, feelings of control, ruminative thinking) which affect morbitiy which affects mortality depending on social support |
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sheldon cohen social network diversity study
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quantity and quality of relationships is protective
- people with fewer than 4 types of social relations were over 4x more likely to watch a cold than those with six of more types |
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support -> appraisal and coping -> pain
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positive framing decreases pain
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the main effects hypothesis (social support effect well-being)
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level of stress doesn't make a difference
-level of support predicts morbidity and mortality graph: two lines even spaced as they increase |
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the buffering hypothesis (social support effect well-being)
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x
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missed from friday march 4
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x
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caveats and critical issues
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Negative support PREDICTS outcomes better than positive support -Rock
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bad vs. good
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bad emotins have more impact
we spend more time avoiding negative issues than pursuing positive ones |
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bad is stronger than good
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larger effects
consistent findings longer lasting effects |
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why does bad win?
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-bad info is processed more thoroughly
-adaptive in evolutionary terms (baumeister) |
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mixed effects of social support-
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social support can either
1. promote a sense of self-efficacy and self-esteem OR 2. become disabling by reinforcing dependence (eg. pain patients) |