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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SI units for Measuring
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Volume
Length Mass |
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What is volume measured in?
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Liters
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What is length measured in ?
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Meters
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What is mass measured in?
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Grams
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Steps in Scientific Method
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1. Ask a question
2. Form a hypothesis 3. Setup or design a controlled experiment 4. Record and analyze data 5. Draw a conclusion |
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Data
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The information observed
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2 types of data
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1. Qualitative - descriptive
2. Quantitative - expressed in #'s |
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Hypothesis
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A proposed scientific explanation for a set of scientific explanation for a set of observations. It must be testable.
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Dependent Variable
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The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable
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Independent Variable
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The variable that is manipulated or deliberately changed
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Control
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Unchanged
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How many groups are there in a controlled experiment?
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2 groups
- Control Group - this group does not change - Experimental Group - this is the group where the variables are changed |
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SI
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International system of units
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Why do Scientist use the Scientific Method?
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To aid in repeating experiments and report findings, convert measurements and compare findings
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Polar Molecule
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A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge
Ex. Water- unequal distribution of oxygen and hydrogen atoms |
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Enzymes belong to the organic molecule ______________.
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Protiens
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Polymer
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Long chains of monomers
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Three particles of an atom
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Proton - positive charge
Neutrons - neutral charge or no charge Electron - negative charge |
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What makes up the nucleus of an atom
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Protons and neutrons
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4 types of organic molecules
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- carbohydrates
- lipids - nucleic acids -'protiens |
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Characteristics.of Carbohydrates
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- made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy - breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for all cell activities |
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3 types of Carbohydrates
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- Monosaccharide
- Disaccharide - Polysaccharide |
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Characteristics of Lipids
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- large and varied group of biological molecules
- not soluble - doesn't dissolve in water |
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What functions do lipids perform?
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- energy storage
- insulation - ex. Hibernating bears, baby fat - protective coatings that provide waterproofing - cell membranes |
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Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
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- large molecules
- store or transmit hereditary or genetic information |
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Characteristics of Proteins
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- structural support for bone and muscle
- control the rate of reaction of enzymes - transports substances into and out of the cells - some help to fight off disease |
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What is the PH scale?
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Scale used to determine the concentration HT in a solution
- acids 1-6 - sour, can cause burns, corrosive - bases 8-14 - bitter taste, feel slippery, can cause burns - neutral - 7 - water - |
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Monomers
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Proteins are polymers
Nuclei acids is a nucleotides |
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What are the 12 functions of Organelles?
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- nucleus
- smoother -- rougher -- ribosomes - Golgi apparatus -- vacuole -- lysosomes -- cilia -- flagella -- mitochondria --- cell wall -- cell membrane |
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Functions of Nucleus
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Contains nearly all the cells DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
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Functions of Smoother
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- no ribosomes
- makes lipids |
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Functions of Rougher
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- ribosomes attached
- makes proteins |
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Functions of Ribosomes
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- produce proteins by following the coded instructions that come from the nucleus
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Functions of Golgi Apparatus
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- modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell
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Functions of Vacuole
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- storage units
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Functions of Lysosomes
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- organelle filled with digestive enzymes needed to breakdown old organelles and other materials no longer needed by the cell
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Functions of Cilia
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- short hairlike projections
- very numerous |
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Functions of Flagella
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- longer projections that move with a whip like motion
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Functions of Mitochondria
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- the powerhouse of the cell providing a useable form of energy stored in glucose into a molecule called ATP
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Function of Cell Wall
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- to support and give protection
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Function of Cell Membrane
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- regulates what enters or leaves the cell
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Describe the Cell Theory
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1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. |
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What are prokaryolic cells?
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- cells that do not contain a nuclei or membrane bound organelles
- generally smaller in size and very simple - always unicellular |
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What are eukaryole cells?
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- generally larger in size and more complex
- usually contain dozens of structures and many are highly specialized - a few unicellular organisms but most are multicellular |
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Characteristics of Plant Cells
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- has a cell wall
- has a chloroplasts - has a central vacoule |
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Chloroplast
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Captures light energy to create sugars - photosynthesis
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Central Vacoule
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Large vacuole that stores water
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Characteristics of Animal Cells
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- have no cell walls
- have centrioles |
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Centrioles
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Controls the microtubules during cell division
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Structure of a Phospholipid
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- Each lipid has a polar head that is attached to water (hydrophilic) and a nonpolar tail that is not attached to water (hydrophobic)
- Hydrophilicendis facing out while the hydrophopictaiss are facing in |
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3 types of Osmotic Solutions
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- Hypertonic
- Hypotonic - Isotonic |
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Hypertonic Solution
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- Water moves out causing it to shrink
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Hypotonic Solution
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- Water moves in causing it to swell
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Isotonic Solution
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- Equal distribution of water stays the same shape
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What is Passive Transport?
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The movement of materials across the cell membrane using any energy is used
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3 types of Passive Transport
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- Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion - Osmosis |
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What is Active Transport?
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The movement of materials and/or substances across a cell membrane and it does require energy to do so
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2 types of Active Transport
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- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis |
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2 types of Endocytosis
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- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis |
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Diffusion
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- The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- A form of passive transport |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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- Diffusion with the help of proteins which makes it easy for some substances to cross the membrane
- A form of passive transport |
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Osmosis
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- The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- A form of passive transport |
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Endocytosis
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- When cells take material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane
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2 types of Endocytosis
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- Phagocytosis - extensions of the cytoplasm package a particle within a valcoules
- Pinocytosis - tiny pockets from along the cell membrane till with liquid and pinch off to form a cuotes within a cell |
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Exocytosis
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- Membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane and forces the contents of the vacuole out of the cell
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Diffusion
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The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Cellular Respiration
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The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
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Photosynthesis
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The process in which organisms use the sun's energy to create simple sugars that can be used for food
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Asexual Reproduction
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- Exact same traits as parents
- One parent |
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Sexual Reproduction
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- Receive traits from both parents
- Looks different from parents |
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Gametes
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Sex Cells
Femaie - Egg Male - Sperm |
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Haploid (gamete)
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a cell containing only a set of chromosomes
ex. gametes (sex cells, egg sperm) |
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Diploid (Zygote)
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A cell that has both sets of homblogous chromosomes
ex. body cells, skin, muscle, bone |
