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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptive strategies |
a society’s system of economic production. these five adaptive strategies: foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, and industrialism. |
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Agrarian |
An agrarian place or country makes its money from farming rather than industry |
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Agricultural industrialization |
Mechanized planting and threshing made farms more efficient, threw workers off the farm, and altered the very shape of the countryside. Scientific approaches were applied to agriculture, and books helped spread new ideas and approaches |
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Ag. Landscape |
Agricultural landscapes are usually defined as the visual result of land uses and management systems in an area Most agricultural landscapes are a mosaic of farmers' fields, semi-natural habitats, human infrastructures (e.g., roads) and occasional natural habitats. |
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Agricultural origins |
the active production of useful plants or animals in ecosystems that have been created by people. |
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Agriculture |
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain |
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Animal domestication |
the process of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. |
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Collective farm |
a jointly operated amalgamation of several small farms, especially one owned by the government. |
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Commercial agriculture |
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
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Intensive subsistence agriculture |
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
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Extensive |
Extensive farming or extensive agriculture is an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed. Because extensive agriculture produces a lower yield per unit of land, its use commercially requires large quantities of land in order to be profitable. |
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Core/Periphery |
Core periphery structure is based on Immanual Wallerstein's world systems theory. He formulated the chart in the 1980s. Core are the MEDCs in the world and the periphery the major section are the LEDCs that are not as developed as MEDCs but are very slowly starting to develop. |
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Crop |
Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season |
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Diffusion |
In some cases, it seems likely that agriculture spread through demic diffusion, which basically means that the people using the innovation moved and brought it with them. The other possibility is cultural diffusion. Ancient people were in constant contact with other groups with whom they traded, fought, and cooperated. |
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Economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary) |
Economic activity is the activity of making, providing, purchasing, or selling goods or services. Primary: includes the production of raw materials and basic foods (agriculture, mining, forestry, farming, hunting and gathering, ect.) Secondary: manufactures finished goods. (Metal working, smelting, automobile production, textiles, ect.) Tertiary: service industry (retail, transportation, distribution, ect.) Quaternary: intellectual activities (government, culture, libraries, scientific research, ect.) Quinary: where high-level decisions are made by top-level executives in the government, industry, business, education, media and nonprofit organizations. |
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Farming |
the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock. |
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First agricultural revolution |
The First Agricultural Revolution, also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming. This transition occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East. |
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Globalized agriculture |
today, agriculture is increasingly influenced more at the global or regional levels than at national level. Food consumption, production, and marketing practices, for example, are influenced more by global forces such as demographic, economic, political, and environmental developments than by local market conditions. |
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Green revolution |
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers |
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Growing season |
the part of the year during which rainfall and temperature allow plants to grow. |
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Hunting and gathering |
Societies that rely primarily or exclusively on hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, berries, nuts, and vegetables to support their diet. Until humans began to domesticate plants and animals about ten thousand years ago, all human societies were hunter-gatherers. |
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Planned economy |
an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. |
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Plant domestication |
Plant domestication is the process whereby wild plants have been evolved into crop plants through artificial selection. This usually involves an early hybridization event followed by selective breeding. |
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Rural settlement (dispersed, nucleated, building material, village form) |
In some countries, a rural settlement is any settlement in the areas defined as rural by a governmental office, e.g., by the national census bureau. This may include even rural towns. In some others, rural settlements traditionally do not include towns. Dispersed: Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. Nucleated: its concept is one in which the houses, even most farmhouses within the entire associated area of land, such as a parish, cluster around a central location. Building material: houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area. Village form: linear, cluster, round, walled, grid pattern. Patterns of Rural Settlement. particular to the region in which they originated, |
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Second agricultural revolution |
Based on the greater use of technology. Farmers started to use machinery in many more aspects of agriculture. For example, to plant their seeds more consistently and effectively. |
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Substistense agriculture |
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. |
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Survey patterns (long lots, metes and bounds, township and range) |
Survey Patterns (Metes and Bounds) Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Long lots: How they came to be. The early French government tried to transplant a vestigial form of feudalism, the seigneurial system, to its possessions in Canada. It granted large acreages of land to seigneurs, who were expected to bring in tenants to settle and work the land. Township and range: land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). |
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Third agricultural revolution |
Development of GMO's (genetically modified organisms) and GE's (genetically engineered crops). |
