Yyyy

Front 1

•volume and osmotic regulation

Back 1

sodium [Na], chloride [Cl], potassium [K]

Front 2

•myocardial rhythm and contractility

Back 2

K, magnesium [Mg2], calcium [Ca2]

Front 3

•cofactors in enzyme activation

Back 3

Mg2, Ca2, zinc [Zn2]

Front 4

•regulation of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) ion pumps

Back 4

(Mg2)

Front 5

•acid-base balance

Back 5

bicarbonate [HCO3 ], K, Cl

Front 6

•blood coagulation

Back 6

Ca2, Mg2

Front 7

•neuromuscular excitability

Back 7

K, Ca2, Mg2

Front 8

•the production and use of ATP from glucose

Back 8

Mg2, phosphate [PO4 ]

Front 9

Extracellular fluid (ECF) -accounts for the other one third of total body water and can be subdivided into the ___________________ that surrounds the cells in the tissue

Back 9

intravascular extracellular fluid (plasma) and the interstitial cell fluid

Front 10

The average water content of the human body varies from __________ of total body weight, with values declining with age and especially with obesity

Back 10

40% to 75%

Front 11

Normal plasma is about _______ water, with the remaining volume occupied by lipids and proteins

Back 11

93%

Front 12

example, maintaining a high intracellular concentration of K and a high extracellular (plasma) concentration of Na requires use of energy from ATP in _________

Back 12

ATPase-dependent ion pumps

Front 13

is a physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per kilogram of solvent (w/w).

Back 13

Osmolality

Front 14

is related to several changes in the properties of a solution relative to pure water, such as freezing point depression and vapor pressure decrease.

Back 14

Osmolality

Front 15

a major contributor to osmolality,

Back 15

Na + (sodium)

Front 16

•Is reported in milliosmoles per liter (w/v), but it is inaccurate in cases of hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia, for urine specimens; or in the presence of certain osmotically active substances, such as alcohol or mannitol

Back 16

Osmolarity

Front 17

The normal plasma osmolality __________ of plasma H2O

Back 17

275– 295 mOsm/kg

Front 18

are ions capable of carrying an electric charge. They are classified as anions or cations based on the type of charge they carry

Back 18

Electrolytes

Front 19

have a negative charge and move toward the anode

Back 19

Anions

Front 20

migrate in the direction of the cathode because of their positive charge

Back 20

Cations

Front 21

the fluid inside the cells and accounts for about two thirds of total body water.

Back 21

Intracellular fluid

Front 22

accounts for the other one third of total body water and can be subdivided into the intravascular extracellular fluid (plasma) and the interstitial cell fluid that surrounds the cells in the tissue

Back 22

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Front 23

mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes

Back 23

Active transport

Front 24

passive movement of ions across a membrane

Back 24

Diffusion

Front 25

depends on the size and charge of the ion being transported and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing

Back 25

Diffusion

Front 26

- controls thirst mechanism

Back 26

•Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 27

AKA arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)

Back 27

•Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 28

•Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also called

Back 28

arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)

Front 29

secretion is stimulated by the hypothalamus in response to an increased osmolality of blood

Back 29

•Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 30

This hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on the cells of the collecting ducts in the kidneys to increase water reabsorption. As water is conserved, osmolality decreases, turning off AVP secretion

Back 30

•Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 31

responds primarily to a decreased blood volume

Back 31

THE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN– ALDOSTERONE HORMONE SYSTEM

Front 32

_______ is secreted near the renal glomeruli in response to decreased renal blood flow (decreased blood volume or blood pressure)

Back 32

Renin

Front 33

_________ converts the hormone angiotensinogen ---> angiotensin I

Back 33

Renin

Front 34

________ converts angiotensin I –----> angiotensin II

Back 34

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

Front 35

________- causes vasoconstriction, which quickly increases blood pressure, and secretion of aldosterone, which increases retention of Na + and the water that accompanies the Na

Back 35

Angiotensin II

Front 36

•In states of __________, the renal tubules reabsorb water at their maximal rate, resulting in the production of a small amount of maximally concentrated urine (high urine osmolality, 1,200 mOsm/L)

Back 36

Dehydration

Front 37

•In states of dehydration, the renal tubules reabsorb water at their maximal rate, resulting in the production of a small amount of maximally concentrated urine (high urine osmolality, ___________)

Back 37

1,200 mOsm/L

Front 38

In states of __________, the tubules reabsorb water at only a minimal rate, resulting in excretion of a large volume of extremely dilute urine (low urine osmolality, down to __________)

Back 38

Water excess ; 50 mOsm/L

Front 39

inadequate AVP or no abiity to respond to AVP)- excretion may increase to 10 L of urine per day

Back 39

Diabetes insipidus

Front 40

(excessive H2O intake)

Back 40

Polydipsia

Front 41

urinary Na is usually decreased

Back 41

Hypovolemia

Front 42

the difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality

Back 42

Osmolal gap

Front 43

indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances other than Na, urea, or glucose, such as ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, lactate, or B-hydroxybutyrate

Back 43

Osmolal gap

Front 44

When the osmolal gap is elevated , it is due to other particles besides ______, _____ or ______

Back 44

Sodium, glucose or BUN

Front 45

presence of _______ or ________ in the serum can elevate the osmolal gap

Back 45

Ketones or alcohols such as ethanol

Front 46

can be used as qualitative assurance measurement to detect technical errors

Back 46

Osmolal gap

Front 47

Reference Ranges for Osmolality

Serum=

Urine(24hrs)=

Urine/ serum ratio=

Back 47

Serum= 275 - 295 mOsm/kg

Urine(24hrs)= 300 - 900 mOsm/kg

Urine/serum ratio= 1.0 - 3.0

Front 48

Reference Ranges for Osmolality

Random urine=

Osmolal gap=

Back 48

Random urine= 50 - 1200 mOsm/kg

Osmolal gap= 5 - 10 mOsm/kg

Front 49

causes an increase in water retention because of increased AVP (ADH) production

Back 49

SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate ADH)