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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Brief notations concerning specific events and circumstances that are recorded while fresh in the officer's mind and used to prepare a report.
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Field Note
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*Provides basis for report
*Reduces need to re-contact parties involved *Provides greater accuracy relative to time, statements, and events than memory alone |
Report Writing
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*Notes used in court are subject to scrutiny of the court
*If placed in evidence, may not be available until released by court *May produce impeacheable inconsistencies betwen notes and reports *Notes used in court kept for future use *Non-police information should not be written in notebook, i. e., no personal comments or other unrelated information |
Court
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*People involved
*Describe from head to toe *Vehicles *Other Property *Date(s) and Time(s) *Exact Location of Occurence *Person(s) Involved |
Type of information that should be entered into officer's field notebook.
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*Suspect(s)
*Victim (s) *Witness(s) |
Persons
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*Race, sex (gender), age, body structure, height
*Hair - color, style, curly, straight, etc. *Hat - color, style *Face - complexion *Eyes - color, shape *Nose *Shirt *Pants *Shoes *Other Distinguishing marks e., tattoos, scars, limp, missing teeth, speech impediment |
Describe from head to toe
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* Describe from top to bottom
*Color - top to bottom - Year/Model *Manufacturer *License Plate; Year of expiration,state registered *Value *Distinguishing Mark/Damage *Insured *Financed |
Vehicles
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*Manufacturer
*Model name/number *Serial Number *Cost/Value *Size *Color *Style *Use (if not obvious) |
Other property - description will differ by the type of property, but should include:
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*Case number
*Assisting Officer Activity *Location and Chain of Evidence/ Custody *Type of Incident |
Other Important Information
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Who
What Where When Why How |
Questions to be answered in field notes to complete a report.
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Who?
(Persons involved should be identified by role as a suspect, victim, or witness) |
*Complete name, address, telephone number, work address, and work telephone numbers
*Correct Spelling *Any aliases used *Gender(Sex) and Age *Occupation (if employed) *Student/School *Age and date of birth |
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What?
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*Type of offense committed
*Type of property involved *Means of transportation used, if any, or by foot *Statements made *Speech Impediments *Unusual Words or Phrases |
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When? (Date and Time)
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*Offense occurred
*Reported *Discovered *Evidence Located *Witness(es) and Victim(s) contacted *Arrest(s) made |
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Where? (Exact Location that Offense occured)
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*Reference points map used
*Type area-residential, business, open field *Location of victims, witnesses or suspects in relation to crime. |
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Why? (Motive or Cause)
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*Revenge
*Drug Addiction *Monetary Gain *Accidental |
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How? (Occurred)
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*Property Obtained
*Suspect Approached *Suspect gained access/entry *Exit/ leave scene |
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What are the two systems and mechanics of field note-taking?
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*Permanent Field Notes Recorded in Notebook
*Temporary Field Notes |
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Permanent Field Notes Recorded in Notebook?
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*Record officer name and badge number (or ID number on notebook
*Be neat when recording *Keep pages intact and in proper sequence *Record day/date in sequence *Record daily call(s) in sequence *Record note at scene follow-up in sequence *Keep permanently |
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Temporary Field Notes
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*Discard Following The Completion of Report
*Be neat *Record notes in order of events (field vs. follow up) |
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Advantages of Proper Field Notes
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Provides for recall at a later time.
*Enables officer to separate details of the offense *Not totally dependent on memory *Provides detail when preparing report and testifying in court. |
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Rules for completing note-taking
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Restrict only to important facts and information.
*Witness, Suspect,Victim *Property *Vehicles Used *Details of how offense occured |
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Basic models and principles of communications
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*A failure to communicate could result in dire consequences
*Communication is the transfer of meaning *For communciation to be successful, the meaning must not only be sent, but also comprehended. |
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Models of Communication
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*Linear Communication
*Interactive Communication *Environmental Communication *Transactional Communication |
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Linear Communication
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*Sender
*Encoding *Message *Decoding *Receiver |
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Sender
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Mental Images - Nonverbal feelings, intentions, or mental pictures
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Encoding
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Method of communication (nonverbal, verbal, or written)
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Message
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The actual transmission
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Decoding
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Action process of changing the message back into feelings, intentions or mental pictures
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Receiver
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Recipient of Message
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Linear communication ______ a complete representation of the type of communication we want, which is the ______ variety.
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is not, interpersonal
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In order for the _______ to know if the message was received, the ______ must obtain ______.
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sender, sender, feedback
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Interactive Communication
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The receiver using the same methods previously used by the sender achieves feedback.
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_______ Communication
This model suggests that after a period of time the mental images of both sender and receiver ought to match. If this happens then _________ communcation has occured. |
Interactive, successful
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________ Communication
A person's _________ influences how that person decodes the message that was sent. The term _______ means a person's history or background. |
Environmental, Environment, environment
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Types of Environments
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Rich/Poor
Sick/Health Old/Young Concern/Indifference |
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External Physiological and Psychological Noise:
* Noise can be ____________, _________, _____________ |
External, Physiological, psychological
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_________ Noise
Physical noises in the environment, e.g., heavy equipment, sirens, people, talking, etc. |
External
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________ Noise
Involves biological factors such as hearing loss, illness ans so on. |
Physiological
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_________ Noise
refers to forces within a communicator that interfere with the ability to express or understand a message accurately. |
Psychological
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________ Communication
_______ individuals sending and receiving information at the same time. One person may be talking, i.e., sending communication, while receiving communications from another party that may be nonverbal. |
Transactional, Both
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Communication can be both _______ and un__________.
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Intentional and Unintentional
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It is _________ not to communicate through body language, dress, distance, etc.
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impossible
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Communication is based on: (%)
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7-10% Content
33-40% Tone 60%+ Nonverbal |
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_________ Noise
refers to forces within a communicator that interfere with the ability to express or understand a message accurately. |
Psychological
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________ Communication
_______ individuals sending and receiving information at the same time. One person may be talking, i.e., sending communication, while receiving communications from another party that may be nonverbal. |
Transactional, Both
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Communication can be both _______ and un__________.
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Intentional and Unintentional
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It is _________ not to communicate through body language, dress, distance, etc.
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impossible
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Communication is based on: (%)
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7-10% Content
33-40% Tone 60%+ Nonverbal |
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Barriers to effective communication
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Filtering
Selective Perception Emotions Words Information Overload Nonverbal signs Time pressures |
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Filtering
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Intentionally manipulating information.
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Selective Perception
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Selectively seeing and hearing based on one's needs, motivation, xperience, background, and other personal characteristics.
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Emotions
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How the receiver feels at the time
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Words
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Words mean different things to different people (age, education, and cultural background)
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Nonverbal signs
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When nonverbal cues are inconsistent with the oral message, i.e., conflicting signals
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Time pressures
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Trying to communciate in a short amount of time which results in messages tha are abbreviated and the meaning of the message is not fully sent.
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Helping Techniques
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Verbal and Non-Verbal Techniques
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Verbal Techniques
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Active Listening
Clarification Summarization Allowing Silence Stating the Obvious Personalized Statements "Mind-Reading" (ie. insight) Sharing Feelings |
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Non-Verbal Techniques
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Eye Contact
Body Posture Distance Touching Vocalization |
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Peace Officers as Crisis Interveners
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Positioning
Posturing Observing Listening Responding Responding to Feeling Responding to Feeling and Meaning |
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Positioning
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*Distancing far enough to be safe, close enough to see and hear
*Facing squarely the person, persons, or situation. *Looking directly at tpersons and situation: making eye contact |
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Posturing
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*Standing erect to show strength and confidence
*Eliminating distracting behaviors, e.g. biting nails, foot tapping, looking at watch, etc. *Inclining forward to show that you are focused, interested, and concerned |
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Observing
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*Looking carefully at behavior appearance, and environment
*Drawing inferences (initial conclusions subject to change as information becomes available) about feelings, relationships, energy levels, and values. *Dertermining if things are normal or abnormal. *Deciding whether it is a "trouble" or "no trouble" situation |
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Listening
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*Suspend judgement temporarily so you can hear what's being said.
*Pick out key words and phrases. *Determine the intensity considering both volume and emotion. High intensity with an offender is a sign of danger. Reflect on the mood as positive, negative, or neutral, and whether this mood is normal or abnormal. |
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Responding
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*Responding to Content
*Reflecting on what was seen and heard *Use respond format: "You're saying_____." |
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Responding to Feeling
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*Reflect on feeling and intensity
*Respond to feeling: "You feel_____." |
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Responding to Feeling and Meaning
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*Reflect on feeling and reson
*Respond to feeling and meaning: "You feel_____ because____." |
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Asking Questions
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*Using the "5W-H" method (where, who, what, when, why, how)
*Thinking about what was said or not said in answering your question *Responding to the answer by reflecting back content, feeling, and meaning. |
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PACE
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Problem
Audience Constraints Ethical Presence |
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Problem
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*Analyze and identify the problem
*Enables the officer to plan an approach *Problems often change as confrontation progresses |
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Audience
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*Everyone encountered is part o the audience
*How is the audience reacting? Receptive, Hostile,Critical *Read audience and adapt tactics approapriately *If person has a friend in the audience you may try to enlist their help. Ask the friend to help reason with and persuade the person to follow the officer's orders. |
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Constraints
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*Determine if there are nay obstacles to efective communcation and try to eliminate them if possible.
time of day, weather, location, external noise, officer's own mood, person's values and beliefs. |
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Ethical Presence
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*An expression of self control
*Use words to state purpose, not to express personal feelings *Maintain professional attitude *Anything perceived as hasty, irrational, or unfair, makes an officer seem unethical *There can be serious long-term consequences for unethical behavior. |
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Aggresive Behavior
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May become necessary in an arrest situation when use of force becomes necessary.
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Passive Behavior
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May become necessary to retain one's composure when dealing with verbally hostile individuals.
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Assertive Behavior
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Exists in the middle of aggresive and passive behavior.
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Characteristics of a Sentence
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*A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
*A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject, a predicate, and, if required by the predicate's verb, a word o words following the verb that complete its meaning. *The subject of the sentence is the person, place, thing. or idea about which something is said *The predicate tells something or asks something aobut the subject of the sentence. he simple predicate of a sentenc is the verb. |
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Importance of Complete Sentences in Written Communication Of The Peace Officer:
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*Written communication is an integral part of every day for each peace officer.
*Without clear, complet sentences in reports, peace officers thoughts cannot be understood by any number of people who rely upon the report and/or notes. *An understandable and well-written report can help make a case. *Clear notes and reports can help jog a peace offficer's memory when needed. |
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Two serious errors in written communication
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Sentence Fragments and Run-On Sentences
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Sentence Fragment
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*Pieces of important information are left out.
*Reader is left to figure out who did what, when and where? |
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Run-On Sentences
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*When a period or other end mark is not placed at the end of a sentence.
*Two or more sentences written as one. *Second sentence begins with a personal pronoun referring to a noun in the first sentence. |
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Clarity Problems
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*Modifiers
*Double Negatives *Passive Voice *Quotation Marks *Slang/Jargon *Non-Standard Abbreviations |
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Modifiers
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Attach themselves to the wrong word in a sentence.
Reader has to try and figure out the meaning (Ex. We saw many swimming pools flying over California) |
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Double Negatives
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*When two negative words are used in the same clause.
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Passive Voice
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Subject receives the action.
Ex. The bystander was hit by a stray bullet. |
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Active Voice
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Subject performs the action.
Ex. A stray bullet hit a bystander. |
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Quotation Marks
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Help the reader by setting off the words of the speaker.
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Slang/Jargon and Non-Standard Abbreviations
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Meaning can be misunderstood.
Slang: "As I got out of my patrol car, Jones split nothbound on King Street." Jargon: "Deputy Brown arrested for deuce." |
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Observing
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Through sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
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Describing
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Being able to describe things, places, and people using vivid language.
Looking for distinguishing marks, colors, size, shape, texture, location and type. Places - top to bottom, left to right(painting a picture of the place with words) People - top to bottom, manner of walking, speaking. |
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Significant Uses of Police Report
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Permanent record of facts
Coordination of follow-up Basis for prosecution and defense Performance evaluations of officer Statistical Data Reference Material |
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Eight Essential Characteristics of a Police Report
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Accuracy
Conciseness Completeness Clarity Legibility Objectivity Grammatically Correct Correct Spelling |
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Four Common Types of Police Reports
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Arrest reports
Incident reports Offense reports Supplemental reports |
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Chronological
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Arrangement of information in order of occurence
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Categorical
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Arrangement of information by category, i.e. witnesses, suspects, crime elements, etc...
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Three Basic Elements Necessary In Police Reports
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Verification
Identification Communication |
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Verification
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That an offense or incident has actually occurred, identification of the victim, suspects, witnesses, the place of the crime or incident, and when the crime occured.
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Identification
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of solvability factors or leads
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Communication
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of the circumstances of the crime or incident, identification of completed investigative tasks and those tasks yet to be done
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Pseudonym for which victims?
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Juveniles and Sex offense victims.
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Arrest Report
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P.C. Affidavit (Facts)
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Incident Report
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Non-Criminal
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Offense Report
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Non-Arrest
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Supplemental Report
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Additional report to any of the other three reports (Arrest, Incident, Offense Reports)
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