World Politics Chapter 4

Front 1

Long-Cycle Theory

Back 1

A theory that focuses on the rise and fall of the leading global power as the central political process of the modern world system.

Front 2

Hegemon

Back 2

A preponderant state capable of dominating the conduct of international political and economic relations.

Front 3

Structuralism

Back 3

Theory that behavior is shaped primarily by changes in the properties of the global system such as shifts in the balance of power.

Front 4

Nationalism

Back 4

A mind-set glorifying a particular state and the nationality living in it, which sees the state's interest as a supreme value.

Front 5

Appeasement

Back 5

A strategy of making concessions to another state in hope that, satisfied, it will not make additional claims.

Front 6

Colonialism

Back 6

The rule of a region by an external sovereign power.

Front 7

Isolationism

Back 7

A policy of withdrawing from active participation with other actors in world affairs and instead concentrating state efforts on managing internal affairs.

Front 8

Polarity

Back 8

The degree to which military and economic capabilities are concentrated in the global system that determines the number of centers of power, or "poles".

Front 9

Irrendentism

Back 9

A movement by an ethnic group to recover control of lost territory by force so that the new state boundaries will no longer divide the group.

Front 10

Idelogy

Back 10

A set of core philosophical principles that leaders and citizens collectively construct about politics, the interests of political actors, and the ways people ought to behave.

Front 11

Sphere of Influence

Back 11

A region of the globe dominated by a great power.

Front 12

Truman Doctrine

Back 12

The declaration by President Harry S. Truman that U.S. foreign policy would use intervention to support peoples who allied with the United States against communist subjugation.

Front 13

Containment

Back 13

A strategy of confronting attempts of a power rival to expand its sphere of influence with either force or the threat of force, thereby preventing it from altering the balance of power.

Front 14

Detente

Back 14

In general, a strategy of seeking to relax tensions between adversaries to reduce the possibility of war.

Front 15

Unilateralism

Back 15

An approach to foreign policy that relies on independent self-help strategies in foreign policy.

Front 16

Selective Engagement

Back 16

A great power grand strategy using economic and military power to influence only important particular situations, countries, or global issues by striking a balance between a highly interventionist "global policemen" and an uninvolved isolationist.

Front 17

Imperial Overreach

Back 17

The historic tendency for past hegemons to sap their own strength through costly imperial pursuits and military spending that weaken their economies in relation to economies of their rivals.

Front 18

Multilateralism

Back 18

Cooperative approaches to managing shared problems through collective and coordinated action.

Front 19

Global North

Back 19

A term used to describe the world's wealthy and industrialized countries, located mostly in the Northern Hemisphere.

Front 20

Global South

Back 20

A term now often used instead of "Third World" to designate the less developed countries located mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.I

Front 21

Indigenous Peoples

Back 21

The native ethnic and cultural inhabitant populations within countries, often referred to as the "Fourth World".

Front 22

Decolonization

Back 22

The process by which sovereign independence was achieved by countries that were once colonies of the great powers.

Front 23

Mercantilism

Back 23

Political economic perspective that views international trade in zero-sum terms and calls for active state intervention into domestic economies.

Front 24

Classical Liberal Economic Theory

Back 24

A body of thought based on Adam Smith's ideas about the forces of supply and demand in the marketplace, emphasizing the social and economic benefits when individuals pursue their own self-interest.

Front 25

Laissez-Faire Economics

Back 25

The philosophical principle of free markets and free trade to give people free choices with little governmental regulation.

Front 26

Communism

Back 26

The Marxist ideology maintaining that, if society is organized so that every person produces according to his or her needs, a community without class distinctions will emerge, sovereign states will no longer be needed, and imperial wars of colonial conquest will vanish from history.

Front 27

Realpolitik

Back 27

The theoretical outlook prescribing that countries should increase their power and wealth in order to compete with and dominate other countries.

Front 28

Self-Determination

Back 28

The liberal doctrine that people should be able to determine the government that will rule them.

Front 29

Development

Back 29

The processes, economic and political, through which a country develops to increase its capacity to meet its citizens' basic human needs and raise their standard of living.

Front 30

GNI

Back 30

A measure of the production of goods and services within a given time period, which is used to delimit the geographic scope of production. GNI measures production by a state's citizen or companies, regardless of where the production occurs.

Front 31

LLDCs

Back 31

Least developed of the less developed countries. The most impoverished countries in the Global South.

Front 32

Modernization

Back 32

A view of development popular in the Global North's liberal democracies that wealth is created through efficient production, free enterprise, and free trade, and that countries' relative wealth depends on technological innovation and education more than on natural endowments such as climate and resources.

Front 33

Import-Substitution Industrialization

Back 33

A strategy for economic development that centers on providing investors at home incentives to produce goods so that demand for previously imported products from abroad will decline.

Front 34

Export-Led Industrialization

Back 34

A growth strategy that concentrates on developing domestic export industries capable of competing in overseas markets.

Front 35

NICs

Back 35

(Newly industrialized countries) The most prosperous members of the Global South, which have become important exporters of manufactured goods as well as important markets for the major industrialized countries that export capital goods.

Front 36

Foreign Aid

Back 36

Economic assistance in the form of loans and grants provided by a donor country to a recipient country for a variety of purposes.

Front 37

Remittances

Back 37

The money earned by immigrants working in rich countries (which almost always exceeds the income they could earn working in their home country) that they send to their families in their countries.

Front 38

FDI

Back 38

Foreign direct investment. A cross-border investment through which a person or corporation based in one country purchases or constructs an asset such as a factory or bank in another country so that a long-term relationship and control of an enterprise by nonresidents results.