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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was the Battle of Hastings?
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1066
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Who defeated the Anglo Saxons in the Battle of Hastings and became the King of England?
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William Duke of Normandy
William the Conqueror |
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Who established a royal court system using juries?
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Henry II
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Who decided guilt or innocence in the royal court system?
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The royal judge
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How many people were on a jury in the royal court system?
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Twelve
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Why was the royal court system preferred?
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It was more just and more consistent that the system of justice decided in the courts of feudal lords
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What is Common Law?
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A unified single legal system that was made of law codes that varied from place to place.
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What was Common Law based upon?
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Precedents, and it reflected local customs and principles
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What was Common Law the basis of?
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Legal systems in many English speaking countries
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Describe the reign of John 1199-1216
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He was an unpopular king, and fought unsuccesful wars against France; he lost lands and increased taxes to fund the wars
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John's taxation led to conflict with...
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his nobles
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When was the Magna Carta signed?
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1215
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The Magna Carta is celebrated as...
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the source of traditional English respect for individual rights and liberties.
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What important principles did the Magna Carta contain?
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Limiting the power of the English monarch over all his English subjects and that monarchs have no right to rule as they please
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How many clauses were there in the Magna Carta?
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63
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What did clause 12 state?
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Taxes shall be levied only by Parliament, unless the king is being held hostage, the oldest prince is being knighted, of the oldest daughter is being married
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What is due process of law?
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The right to have the law work in known, orderly ways
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Clause 12 was later interpreted to mean that...
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the king could not levy taxes without the consent of Parliament
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What was the rallying cry of the American Revolution?
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No taxation without representation
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Clause 39 of the Magna Carta declared that....
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"No man shall be arrested or imprisoned....except by the legal judgement of his peers or by the law of the land."
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What did Clause 39 of the Magna Carta mean?
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A person had the right to a jury trial and to the protection of the law
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Later, clause 39 meant...
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Forbidding the government from arresting people without grounds for suspicion
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Who summoned not only the lords, but also the lesser knights and some burgesses for approval for increased taxes?
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Edward I
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What was Edward I's guiding principle?
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"What affects all by all should be approved."
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What was this council which included the lower groups called?
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The Model Parliament.
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Why was the Model Parliament called that?
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Because it established a standard for later parliaments
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When did knights and burgesses officially gain a role in the government?
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Mid-1300s
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When was the Model Parliament formed?
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1925
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What was the lower house of Parliament called?
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House of Commons
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What was the upper house of Parliament called?
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The House of Lords
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Why was Parliament when the House of Commons was first created not a true democratic body?
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The great majority of English people were not represented.
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What did the existence of Parliament when the House of Commons was first created do?
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Greatly limit the power of the monarch
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What did the existence of Parliament when the House of Commons was first created establish?
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The principle of representation
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What power did Parliament have?
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The power of the purse
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Who was the last Tudor monarch?
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Elizabeth I
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During which years was Elizabeth's reign?
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1558-1603
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What did Elizabeth say on her deathbed?
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"Though you have had, and may have, many wiser princes, you never had or shall have any the will love you better."
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.
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Elizabeth's 45 year reign was England's golden age, when Shakespeare wrote his plays
and when there was the Spirit of the Renaissance and creativity |
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.
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Elizabeth respected tradition, chose excellent advisors, and persuaded Parliament to approve her policies
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.
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England was prosperous and powerful under Elizabeth. Merchants searched for new markets and raw materials. England gained their first trading post in India. London became a center of commerce. Overseas trade increased. Elizabeth expanded the navy and sponsored voyages of discovery.
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.
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England aided the Protestant Dutch against Spain. She stunned the world by defeating the Spanish Armada. England became the leading Protestant in Europe.
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.
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Elizabeth promoted Protestantism within England. However, she was tolerant of Catholics and Puritans. She firmly established the Church of England as the official church.
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.
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Roman Catholics challenged the queen's right to the throne. They supported Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, who was also a Roman Catholic. In 1567, Mary was forced to give up the throne and took refuge in England. Elizabeth watched her closely, and her advisors convinced her that Mary was a danger. She ordered Mary's beheading in 1587
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.
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When Elizabeth was 25, she took the throne. However, she was a shrewd and experienced politician, educated in the Renaissance tradition and able to speak English, French, Italian, Latin, and Greek.
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Elizabeth wanted peace and security for England, so she pursued a moderate religious course. As long as subjects were loyal, she didn't care about their religion. She also sought peace abroad.
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Elizabeth ruled from 1558 until 1603. These years marked England's rise to greatness. She was affectionately called "Good Queen Bess" and "Gloriana". Elizabeth was the last and the greates of the Tudors. After her death, the throne passed to the Stuarts.
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What was the Divine Right of Kings?
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The idea that monarchs had a right to rule with absolute power because their power came from God. They claimed they were chosen by God and responsible to God, and that to challenge their authority was to challenge God.
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What were Elizabeth's beliefs on the Divine Right?
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She believed in the Divine right but was tactful and did not openly or aggresively insist on the right.
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Who was the first Stuart king of England?
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James I
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Why was James unpopular?
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He was Scottish and considered an outsider who did not understand English customs and traditions. He also openly and aggresively insisted on his Divine Right. He used the Star Chamber, a royal court of law, to administer justice, and also because he put pressure on Parliament to impose taxes to pay for his court and foreign wars.
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Why was James unpopular with Puritans?
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Even though he was a Calvinist, he refused to make
Puritan reforms to the Anglican Church, except for a new translation of the bible(The King James Bible). |
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What did James I do when Parliament refused to agree to the taxes?
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He ignored Parliament and raised the money by other means.
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Who was James I's son?
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Charles I
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Like his father, James I, Charles I...
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-was always in need of money, especially to fund his wars with Spain and France
-quarreled with Parliament over taxes |
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What would Charles I do when Parliament refused to approve his taxes?
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Dissolve Parliament
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In 1628, when Charles recalled Parliament and agreed to compromise, what did Parliament do?
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In return for the tax increase, Parliament made him agree to the demands in the Petition of Rights.
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What did Charles I agree to do in the Petition of Rights?
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Stop imprisonment without due cause, taxation without consent, quartering soldiers in private homes, and imposing martial law in peacetime.
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What did Charles I do after agreeing to the Petition and getting the tax raise?
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He ignored the Petition
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Why was the Petition of Rights important?
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It revived the idea, established in the Magna Carta, that the law was higher that the king.
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1629, what did Charles I do to Parliament?
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He dissolved it for 11 years.
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What was the list of grievances/complaints against Charles I called?
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The Great Remonstrance
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What did the Grand Remonstrance propose?
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It proposed legislation to reduce the power of the monarchy.
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What did Charles I do in retaliation the Grand Remonstrance?
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He tried to arrest the 5 principle leader in January 1642, but they escaped.
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What happened after Charles I tried to arrest Parliament's leaders?
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A mob of Pro-Parliamentarian Londoners besieged Charles's palace (he fled to York)
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What new class emerged in England in the 17th century?
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The mercantile class
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King vs
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Parliamentarians
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Cavaliers vs
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Roundheads
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Prince Rupert vs
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Oliver Cromwell
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North and West vs
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South and East
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Aristocracy vs.
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Merchants and Tradesmen
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Rural vs
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Urban
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What was the turning point of the English Civil War?
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The Battle of Naseby
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What happened to Charles I after the English Civil War?
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He was captured, tried for treason "as a tyrant, traito, murderer, and public enemy" sentenced to death, and executed.
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Why was Charles I's execution revolutionary?
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Even though Kings had been overthrown or put to death in secret, never before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and execution.
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By executing Charles I, what had the British people done?
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Mad a clear statement against Divine Rule and Absolute Power
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Cromwell abolished...
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The monarchy and the House of Lords, but he alos disbanded the House of Commons
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What did Cromwell do after commisioning a Constitution?
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He decided not to use it and ruled as a military dictator
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What did Cromwell call himself, and how did he rule?
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Lord Protector, absolutely
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Cromwell introduced a strict _______ morality to England
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Puritan (no theatre, sports, dancing, gambling)
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Who did Cromwell allow religious tolerance to?
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Everyone except Catholics
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Who succeeded Cromwell?
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Charles II
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Did Charles repeal Puritan restrictions?
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Yes
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Who passed the Habeas Corpus Act?
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Charles II
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What was the Habeas Corpus Act?
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Prisoners must be chargesd with a crime and judge should speedily determine if there were genuine charges to be answered
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Who succeeded Charles II?
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James II
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Why did the James II's ascension to the throne alarm the English people?
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He was Catholic
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Why, at first, did the English tolerate James II?
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His only daughter/heir, Mary, was Protestant
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Why did the English invite William of Orange and Mary to invade England and overthrow James?
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James II had a son whom he raised as Catholic
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How did James II offend his subjects?
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He flaunted his Catholicism by appointing several Catholis to high office
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What did James II do when Parliament protested his appointing several Catholis to high office?
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He dissolved it
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What did James II do when William invaded England?
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He fled to France, then returned, but when he lost at the Battle of the Boyne (Ireland), William and Mary took over power
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What was the relatively bloodless overthrow of James and the peaceful transition to the new monarchy called?
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The Glorious Revolution
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Why was the Glorious Revolution glorious?
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The overthrow was bloodless and the new King and Quen accepted the authority of Parliament as an equal partner in government and accepted the law of England
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Why did Parliament draft to make clear the limits of royal power?
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The Bill of Rights
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Who published Two Treatises of Government?
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John Locke
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What did Two Treatises on Government criticize?
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Absolutism
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What did Two Treatises on Government defend?
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The Glorious Revolution
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What did Locke believe about government?
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They had once lived in a state of equality and freedom, during which time they had certain natural rights- life, liberty, and property. But as society progressed, people could not protect their rights very well. That is why they agreed to a contract with a government/ monarch to protect their rights...the Social Contract...government by consent of the governed
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What was the mutual obligation between the government and the people?
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The government would protect the natural rights of the people, and the people would accept the authority of the government.
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What were the people justified in dong if a government or monarch broke the Social Contract?
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Rebelling and forming a new government
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Who inspired the American Revolution?
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John Locke
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What was the rallying cry of the American Revolution?
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"No taxation without representation"
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What was the first US Constitution?
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The Articles of Confederation
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What caused the new Constitution to be written?
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Shay's Rebellion
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Who was the "Father of the Constitution"?
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James Madison
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Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
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Thomas Jefferson
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When was the Bill of Rights added?
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1791
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What was the Scientific Revolution?
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A new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon careful observation and a willingness to question natural beliefs
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Copernicus
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-Polish
-Book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies -Heliocentric Theory -Stars, Earth and planets revolve around earth |
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Brahe
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-Danish
-recorded movements of planets -produced accurate data based on his observations |
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Kepler
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-Danish
-Book: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems -Concluded that certain mathematical laws governed planetary motion |
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Galileo
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-Italian
-Book: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems -discovered Law of the Pendulum: each swing takes exactly the same amount of time -Falling object falls at a fixed and predictable rate -Studied space with a homemade telescope -Discovered Jupiter had 4 moons, sun had dark spots, and the moon has an uneven surface -Proved Copernicus's ideas -tested Aristotle's theories |
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Bacon
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-English
-Book: Novum Organum -Believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve people's lives -attacked medieval scholars for relying too heavily on ancient thinkers -urged scientists to experiment |
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Descartes
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-French
-Book: Discourse on Method -Developed analytical geometry -believed scientists needed to reject old assumptions -use mathematics and logic to gain knowledge -everything doubted until proved by reason |
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Newton
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-English
-Book:Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy -Certain that all physical objects were affected by the same forces -law of universal gravitation: every object in the universe attracts every other object -described universe as a giant clock, all parts worked together perfectly in ways that could be mathematically expressed |
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Janssen
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-Dutch
-invented first microscope |
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Leeuwenhoek
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-Dutch
-observed bacteria, showed that organisms did not spontaneously come to life |
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Torricelli
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-Italian
-developed first mercury barometer |
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Fahrenheit
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-Dutch
-made the first thermometer in glass, which showed water freezing at 32 degrees |
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Celsius
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-Swedish
-created another scale for mercury thermometer, which showed water freezing at 0 degrees |
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Galen
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-Greek
-wrote about the bodies of human beings -studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals, not humans, and assumed they were the same |
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Vesalius
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-Flemish
-Book:On the Fabric of the Human Body -dissected human corpses -published a book with deetailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle |
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Harvey
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-English
-Book: On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals -continued Vesalius's work in anatomy -Published a book which showed how the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body |
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Jenner
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-British
-introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox which used a mild form called cowpox |
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Boyle
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-British
-pioneered use of the scientific method in chemistry -challenged Aristotle's ideas of 4 elements -proposed matter was made of smaller primary particales joined in different ways (Boyle's law) |
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Priestly
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separated a pure gas from air
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Lavoisier
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-French
-also separated a pure gas from air, named it oxygen |
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What were the 5 principles of the Enlightenment?
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Reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty
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Philosophes' ideas on....Reason
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-they believed truth could be discovered through reason/logical thinking
-reason was the absence of intolerance, bigotry, or prejudice in one's thinking |
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Philosophes' ideas on....Nature
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-Philosophes referred to nature frequently
-natural also meant good and reasonable -natural laws of economics and politics existed |
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Philosophes' ideas on....Happiness
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-a person who lived by nature's laws would find happiness
-impatient with medieval notion that people should accept misery to find joy in the hereafter -wanted well-being on earth |
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Philosophes' ideas on....Progress
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-progress for society
-using a scientific approach, society and humankind could be perfected |
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Philosophes' ideas on....Liberty
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-French philosophes envied the English's liberties
-in France there were many restrictions -Through reason, society could be set free |
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Hobbes
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-English
-all humans were naturally selfish and wicked -people had social contract with government -Leviathan |
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Voltaire
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-Francois Marie Arouette
-Sent to jail twice -Admired English -Mocked customs and laws of France -Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech |
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Montesquieu
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-Aristocrat and lawyer
-Believed Britain was best governed country -devote to study of political liberty -separation of powers- legislative, judicial, and executive -"power should be a check to power" - no one group would have total control of the government -ideas became basis of the US constitution -Book: On the Spirit of Laws |
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Rousseau
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-son of Swiss watchmaker
-believed civilization corrupted people -"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains" -the only good government was direct democracy -social contract |
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Beccaria
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-Italian philosophe
-laws existed to preserve social order; not avenge crimes -railed against common abuses of justice, such as torturing of witness and suspects, irregular proceeding in trials, punishments that were arbitrary/cruel -accused should have a speedy trial, torture should never be used -degree of punishment based on crime -Book: On Crimes and Punishment |
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Astell
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-addressed lack of educational opportunities for women
-used enlightenment arguments about govt to criticize unequal relationship between men and women -Book: A Serious Proposal to Ladies |
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Wollstonecraft
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-disagreed with Rousseau that women's education should be secondary to men's
-argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and responsible -Education will make them better mothers -Argued for women's rights in the workplace and in politics -Book: A Vindication of the Rights of Women |
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Du Chatelet
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-Trained as a mathmetician and physicist
-translated Newton's work into French -Helped stimulate interest in science in France |
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What were the 3 results of in the Enlightenment?
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Belief in Progress, a more secular society, and importance of the individual
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Who was Geoffrin?
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She was a self-educated, well-to-do middle class woman who was the most influential of salon hostesses
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Who was Diderot?
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He was a philosophe who began the first encyclopedia
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Who were Bach and Handel?
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They were Baroque composers who wrote dramatic organ and choral music.
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Who was Haydn?
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He was important in developing new musical forms, such as the sonata and symphony.
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Who was Mozart?
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He was a gifted child who began composing and performing at age 5. At age 12, he wrote his first opera. He set a new standard for elegance and originality
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Who was Beethoven?
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He was a composer who wrote piano music, string quartets, and sumphonies. He began new trends.
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What was the first English novel and who wrote it?
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Pamela, Richardson
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Who wrote Tom Jones?
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Fielding
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Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?
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Daniel Defoe
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Who the three Enlightened despots?
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Frederick the Great (Prussia), Joseph II (Austria) and Catherine the Great (Russia)
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Frederick the Great
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-"I must enlighten my people, cultivate their manners and morales, and make them as happy as human beings can be, or as happy as the means at my disposal permit."
-He granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education. -Reformed the justice system and abolished the use of torture. -Believed serfdom was wrong -"The first servant of the state" |
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Joseph II
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- introduced legal reforms and freedom of the Press
-supported freedom of worship -abolished serfdom and ordered peasants be paid for their labor with cash |
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Catherine the Great
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-well educated
-ruled with absolute authority but took steps to reform Russia -Recommended religious toleration, abolishing torture and captial punishment (these were never carried out) -sought access to the Black Sea -expanded the empire greatly |
