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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Justinian
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-ordered the compilation of all roman laws since the earlier code
-The Code of Justinian |
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Cleisthenes
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-regarded as the founder of democracy in Athens
-reorganized the assembly to balance the power of the rich and the poor -created council of five hundred |
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Pericles
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-increased number of paid public officials and paid jurors
-increased strength in democracy |
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Solon
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-passed a law outlawing slavery based on debt and canceled the farmers' debts
-established four classes of citizenship based on wealth |
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Direct democracy
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a form of government in which citizens rule and make laws directly rather than through representatives
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Republic
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a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who make governmental decisions
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Magna Carta
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-demands of English nobles against the King
-source of respect for individual rights and liberties -limited power of monarch |
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Common law
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-reflected customs and principles established over time
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Federal system
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government is divided between a central authority, and a number of individual states
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The Reformatoin
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-a 16th century movement for religious reform
-leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope's authority |
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Martin Luther
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-began a reform which ended in Protestantism
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time period of the renaissance
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1300-1600; "rebirth" - revival of art and learning
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secular
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non-religious or worldly
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patrons
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-financially supported artists
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persepctive
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technique showing three dimensions on a flat surface
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vernacular
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one's native language
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humanism
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an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
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realism
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-style of painting and sculpting that focuses on characteristics of real life
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utopia
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means "no place" in Greek; perfect world
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printing press
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-faster process to copy books that is quicker and cheaper; people could get information more quickly
-created by johann gutenberg -could produce books quickly and cheaply |
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johann gutenberg
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-made the printing press: could produce books quickly and cheapy/could print hundreds of copies in a single work
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christine de pizan
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- wrote about objections of the education of women
-one of the first European writers to question different treatment of boys and girls |
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william shakespeare
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-most famous poet and play writer in the Elizabethan Age
-displayed a deep understanding of human beings in his playwrights |
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desiderius erasmus
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-wrote the "praise of folly" which made fun of all aspects of society
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thomas more
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-wrote utopia
-about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out |
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lutheran
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-all those that believed in Luther's teachings and followed him became a separate religious group called the Lutherans
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edict of worms
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-released by Charlies V
-declared martin luther was a heretic |
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indulgence
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-pardon that you bought to get into heaven
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pope leo x
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-issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication
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emperor charles v
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-a devout catholic who opposed luther's teachings
-established the edict of worms |
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catherine of aragon
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-wife of Henry VIII
-bore him a daughter, Mary -wanted to divorce her but the church didn't allow it |
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peace of augsburg
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-religious settlement in which german princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion for his own state
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act of supremacy
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-issued by henry XIII that declare his annulment against his catherine of argon
-established the church of england |
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anne boleyn
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-Henry VIII's 2nd wife
-gave birth to Elizabeth |
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elizabeth I
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-established the Anglican Church that Catholics and Protestants might both accept
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annul
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-to set aside
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edward vi
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-Henry VIII's son of his 3rd wife
-only reigned for 6 years because of his health |
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john knox
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-created presbyterian church
-put calvin's ideas into effect |
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amish
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-protestant form of christianity
-focus on living off the land to glorify God |
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quakers
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-a non-violent protestant group
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presbyterians
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-followers of knox
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John Calvin
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-believed in predestination
-began Calvanism |
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catholic reformation
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-a movement within the catholic church to reform itself
-helped catholics to remain loyal |
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predestination
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-belief that God chooses a few "elect" people to save
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jesuits
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-members of the society of jesus
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ignatius of loyola
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-catholic reformer who founded the society of jesus
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anabaptist
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-believed that one should be baptized when they are old enough to decide if they want to be a Christian
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huguenots
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-Calvinists who lived in France
-faced religious wars with Catholics |
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council of trent
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-appointed by Pope Paul III
-catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines |
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medici family
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-wealthy bank owners in Florence
-controlled the wealth of the city |
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leonardo da vinci
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-was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist
-a true "renaissance man" |
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henry viii
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-devout catholic
-given the title defender of faith -wanted an annulment from wife |
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renaissance man
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-all educated people expected to create art
-the ideal individual tried to master all areas of study |
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renaissance woman
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-upper class women
-expected to inspire art, not create it |
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timur the lame
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-crushed ottoman forces which halted expansion of the Holy Roman Empire
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osman
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-most successful ghazi
-founded the Ottoman Empire |
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mehmed II
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- conquered Constantinope
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suleyman I
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-suleyman the lawgiver
-brought the ottomans to their biggest size |
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ghazi
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-warriors for islam
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janissary
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-were recruited under the devshirme system, were educated, converted to islam, and trained as soldiers
-trained to be loyal to the sultan only |
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devshirme
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-under the devshirme system, the sultan's army drafted boys from the peoples of conquered christian territories
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safavids
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-family that controlled current day Iran and Iraq from 1350-1600
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ismai'il
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-began to seize what is now iran
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shah
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persian title for king
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shi'ite muslim
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- Islamic beliefs
-very strict |
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sunni muslim
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-Islamic beliefs
-more modern and relaxed -not strict |
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esfahan
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-a new Safavid capital
-showplace for many artisans |
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shah abbas
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-helped create a Safavid culture and golden age
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sikhs
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-non-violent religious group
-combined Hindu and Muslim beliefs |
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babur
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-laid the foundation for the mughal empire
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akbar
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-early ruler of the Mughal Empire
-expanded the territory of India |
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jahangir
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-akbar's son
-left affairs of the state to his wife, who ruled with an iron hand |
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taj mahal
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-one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
-shah jahan wanted it built as a tomb for his wife |
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constantinople
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-mehmed II conquered this city
-had no territory outside walls but controlled the bosporus strait |
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prince henry
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-called "the navigator"
-promoted portuguese exploration -devout catholic - wanted to increase Christianity everywhere |
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bartolomeu dias
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-early portugese explorer who explored the southeast coast of africa
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vasco de gama
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-portugese explorer who gave Portugal a direct sea route to India
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line of demarcation
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-imaginary dividing line from north to south through the atlantic ocean
-(between Spain and Portugal) |
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dutch east india company
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-established by the Dutch
-a direct sea route through Asia |
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hongwu
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-became first ming emperor
-brought stability to china |
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manchus
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-invaded china and collapsed the ming dynasty
-ruled for more than 260 years |
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zheng he
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-chinese muslim who led all 7 voyages
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qian long
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-china reached its greatest size and prosperity under him
-cut off trade with Britain |
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qing dyansty
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-China's last dynasty that ruled for more than 260 years and expanded china's borders
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ming dynasty
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-Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644
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daimyo
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-warrior chieftains who's name meant "great name"
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tokugawa shogunate
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-dynasty in Japan started by Ieyasu
-the shogun is the official ruler |
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tokugawa ieyasu
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-shogun who reunified Japan in 1600
-persecuted Christians |
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alternate attendance police
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-created by ieyasu to keep the daimyo from rebelling
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closed country policy
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-wanted to safely exclude both the missionaries and the merchants
-sealed japan's borders |
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caravel
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-the triangular sails
-made sailing faster and easier |
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vassal state
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-one country controlling another, while letting that country remain independent
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mestizos
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-mixed spanish and native americans
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hernando cortes
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-spaniard who landed on the shores of mexico in search of vast lands of gold and silver
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christopher columbus
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-made a voyage in 1492 in search of Asia
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encomienda system
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-natives farmed, ranched, or mined for spanish landlords
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montezuma II
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-an aztec emporer who conceived at first that cortes was a god wearing armor
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aztecs
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-established a vast and wealthy empire in mexico's interior
-conquered by the Spaniards |
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francisco pizarro
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-conquistador who marched a small force into south america and conquered the Incan empire
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incas
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-conquered by the Spaniards
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jamestown
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-first english settlement in NA
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puritans
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-sought religious freedom from england's anglican chruch
-founded Massachusetts Bay |
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plymouth
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-english colony founded by the pilgrims in massachusetts
-2nd English colony in NA |
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pilgrims
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-sought religious freedom in the americas
-founded Plymouth |
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massachusetts bay
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-large colony established by the Puritans
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french and indian war
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-war between the British and the French in NA
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metacom
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-a native american ruler that led an attack on colonial villages throughout massachusetts
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african slave trade
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-the buying and selling of africans for work in the americas
-between 1500 and 1600 |
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reasons africans were ideal laborers
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-immunity to diseases
-experience in farming -less likely to escape because they aren't familiar with the land -skin color |
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triangular trade
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-the transatlantic trade of slaves and goods between africa, europe, and the colonies in north america
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middle passage
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-the voyage that brought captured africans to the west indies, and later to north and south america
to be sold as slaves |
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joint stock company
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-a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, and then share their profits
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capitalism
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-an economic system based on private ownership and investment of resources for profit
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columbian exchange
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-the global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the americas
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mercantilism
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-theory that a country's power depended mainly on wealth
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favorable balance of trade
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-an economic situation in which a country sells more goods than it buys
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new france
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-base of France's colonial empire in the americas
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fur trade
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-trading of furs from america to other countries
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ferdinand magellan
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-led the boldest exploration
-sailed around the southern end of south america and into the waters of the pacific |
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vasco nunez de balboa
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-first european to look upon the pacific ocean
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montreal
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-place in Canada
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imports
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-goods brought into a country from another
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exports
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-goods shipped out of a country to another
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king philips war
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-conflict between native americans in present day new england, and english colonists and their native american allies
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brazil - sugar plantations
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-demand in Europe
-made Portugal rich |
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conquistadors
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-the spanish soldiers, explorers, and hunters
-took part in the conquest of the americas in the 16th century -followed Cortes |
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disease
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-a type of sickness that can be spread quickly
-many were brought by slaves |
