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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who were the Seljuq Turks?
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Muslim people from central Asia who gained control of Palestine, or the Holy Land to Christians, during the late 1000s. p126
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Who was Urban II?
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The pope who called for the Crusades, military expeditions to regain the Holy Land. p126
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What were the Crusades?
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Four military expeditions by Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. Only the first was successful. p126
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Who was Saladin
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a Muslim leader who in 1187 gained control of Jerusalem. Three European rulers led separate armies in the Third Crusade from 1189-1192 to try to regain the area but failed. A truce with Saladin allowed crusaders to gain control of some coastal towns. p128
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What was the Children's Crusade?
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A short-lived failed crusade in 1212 by young people from Europe who marched on the Holy Land to regain it for Christianity. p129
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Who was Urban II?
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The pope who called for the Crusades, military expeditions to regain the Holy Land. p126
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Who were the Seljuq Turks?
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Muslim people from central Asia who gained control of Palestine, or the Holy Land to Christians, during the late 1000s. p126
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What were the Crusades?
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Four military expeditions by Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. Only the first was successful. p126
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What was the Children's Crusade?
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A short-lived failed crusade in 1212 by young people from Europe who marched on the Holy Land to regain it for Christianity. p129
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Describe the First Crusade.
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First Crusade: massacre of Muslims and Jews. Holy Land under European control for almost 100 years, crusaders set up four small states, trade between Europe and Holy Land.
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Describe the Second Crusade.
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Second Crusade: Crusaders fail to recapture Damascus, return home in disgrace.
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Describe the Third Crusade.
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Crusaders gain control of Palestinian coastal towns (in truce with Saladin), get permission for Christians to enter Jerusalem.
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Describe the Fourth Crusade.
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Crusaders attack and loot Constantinople, Venetians control Byzantine trade.
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What issue led to the Crusades?
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Turks captured cities int he Holy Land
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What long-term importance did the Crusades have for Europe?
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new methods of waging war were developed; more powerful European kings; new ideas and culture; Italian cities became trading centers
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What long-term importance did the Crusades have for Europe?
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new methods of waging war were developed; more powerful European kings; new ideas and culture; Italian cities became trading centers
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What is a barter system?
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Economy of exchanging goods and services for other goods and services without using money. p133
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What was the domestic system?
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Method of production that takes place in workers' homes rather than a shop or factory p133
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What is usury?
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Policy of charging very high interest rates on loans. p134
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What is capital?
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Wealth that is earned, saved and invested to make profits.p134
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What is a market economy?
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Economy in which land, labor, and capital are controlled by individual persons. p134
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What was the domestic system?
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Method of production that takes place in workers' homes rather than a shop or factory p133
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What is a barter system?
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Economy of exchanging goods and services for other goods and services without using money. p133
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What is a market economy?
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Economy in which land, labor, and capital are controlled by individual persons. p134
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What economic and social changes did fairs bring about in the Middle Ages?
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Buyers and sellers started thinking of value in terms of money. Travelers exchanged ideas and broadened people's outlooks.
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What economic and social changes did fairs bring about in the Middle Ages?
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Buyers and sellers started thinking of value in terms of money. Travelers exchanged ideas and broadened people's outlooks.
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What cities in Italy became important trading centers and why?
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Italian cities, Genoa, Pisa and Venice were go-betweens for traders from Asia and Northern Europe.
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What cities in Northern Europe became important trading centers and why?
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In Northern Europe, Kiev was a city to which Vikings brought goods back from Constantinople. Bruges and Ghent were meeting points of several trade routes.
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What cities in the Hanseatic League became important trading centers and why?
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Bremen, Hamburg, Lubeck and other cities on the Baltic and North Seas joined together to control trade.
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How did the revival of trade lead to the domestic system, a banking system, and the investing of capital?
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The revival of trade help spread the domestic system of manufacturing from towns to the countryside; increased borrowing and created a demand for bills of exchange, and encouraged investment in new businesses.
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What is a merchant guild?
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An association of merchants and workers created to protect their rights to trade and to help out members and their families. p135
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What is a craft guild?
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An association of skilled workers that set standards for working conditions. p136
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What is an apprentice?
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One who learned a skill under a master. p136
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What is a middle class?
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Class of skilled workers between the upper class and the poor and unskilled workers. p136
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What is a journeyman?
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Skilled worker who was paid wages by a master. p136
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What is the Black Death?
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Terrible plague that swept through Europe, beginning in 1347. p138
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What is the sequence of steps required to become a guild member?
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An apprentice first trains 5 to 10 tears becoming a journeyman who is paid wages. Once he has created a masterpiece, he becomes a Master Worker and opens his own shop. At this time he joins the guild.
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What is the sequence of steps required to become a guild member?
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An apprentice first trains 5 to 10 tears becoming a journeyman who is paid wages. Once he has created a masterpiece, he becomes a Master Worker and opens his own shop. At this time he joins the guild.
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How would the rights won by townspeople help break down manorialism?
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Serfs and townspeople were exempted from working on manors.
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How did merchant and craft guilds help their members?
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Merchant and craft guilds helped their members by giving loans, aiding widows and children, providing training and caring for ill and elderly members
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How did the growth of towns and the Black Death lead to the decline of serfdom?
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Serfs escaped to work in towns. Demand for workers grew as a result of the Black Death.
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What are vernacular languages?
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Everyday speech that varies from place to place. p139
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What are troubadours?
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Traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Age.s p140
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What is scholasticism?
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Medieval philosophy attempting to bring together faith and reason. p142
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What does the word Gothic refer to?
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Style of church architecture characterized by tall spires and flying buttresses that was developed by master builders during the mid 1100s. p142
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What were some changes in language and literature in the Middle Ages?
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Literature was written in vernacular languages.
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What were some changes in education in the later Middle Ages?
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Great universities were founded.
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What are some changes in architecture in the later Middle Age?
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Architectural style changed to Gothic
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How did the writings of Dante and Chaucer reflect the history of the cultures in which they were produced?
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They wrote in local vernacular languages. Dante wrote in Tuscan which became the Italian language; Chaucer wrote in Middle English which was emulated by later writers
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How did the church and religion influence medieval philosophy, science and architecture?
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philosophers tried to bring faith and reason together in scholasticism; the Bible and church were sources of scientific information, church architecture was the main art form
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Who was Dante Alighieri?
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Dante was an Italian poet who wrote his poems in the Tuscan form of Italian which became Italy's written language. One of his greatest works was "The Divine Comedy" which describes 3 realms a Christian soul might go after death: hell, purgatory, & heaven. p140
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Who was Geoffrey Chaucer?
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English writer who fought in France & was a diplomat throughout Europe. His famous work (wrote in vernacular Middle English), "The Canterbury Tales" are stories from the point of view of pilgrims traveling to shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. He made fun of members of English society especially the church.p141
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Who was Peter Abelard?
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Peter Abelard was an important philosopher of scholasticism, taught in Paris in the 1100s. He wrote a book called "Yes and No" which included many conflicting quotes from the bible & church officials. p142
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Who was Thomas Aquinas?
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Thomas Aquinas, probably the greatest medieval philosopher, was a Dominican monk. His principal work, "Summa Theologiae" summarized medieval Christian thought and scholasticism. p142
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What was the Hundred Years' War?
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War between France & England for the French throne that continued from 1337 to 1453, & introduced the use of new weapons: longbows, gun powder & cannons. England won many battles but lost the war. p144
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What was the War of the Roses?
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War between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families of England for the English throne in 1455. Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster won the war and became King Henry VII. p145
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Who were the Habsburgs?
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Powerful family of European rulers in the 1200s. In 1273 a member of the Habsburg family became emperor (HRE) & through arranged marriages & careful strategies of armed conquest added land, power & wealth. 148
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Who was Henry Tudor?
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In the War of the Roses between the York (white rose) & Lancaster (red rose) families of England in 1455, Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster won the war and became the English king as King Henry VII. p145
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Who was Joan of Arc?
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She was a young girl who helped Charles VII of Orleans become king of France in a fight for power against the House of Burgundy and the English in 1429. p145
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Who was Louis XI?
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In 1461, Louis XI followed Charles VII as king of France. He was able to make the French monarchy stronger . He set up a harsh but efficient government with high taxes. He also seized the lands of the House of Burgundy uniting France. p146
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Who were Ferdinand and Isabella?
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Spain became a united nation in 1479 under Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile. They captured Granada from the Moors, & added Navarre to their territory. They took powers from the church and being fervent Catholics kicked out Jews and Moors. p146
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Who was an important ruler of England that united the country into a strong nation?
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Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated King Richard III of York in the War of Roses. He married a daughter from the House of York to unite the country. p145
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Who was an important ruler of France that united the country into a strong nation?
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Louis the XI using scheming and diplomacy, he seized the lands of the House of Burgundy to unite France. p146
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What important rulers of Spain were able to unite the country?
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille united their two territories and captured both Granada (from the Moors) and Navarre. p146
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In what ways did the Hundred Years' War affect England and France differently?
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In England, Parliament gained more power over the king. In France, the king became stronger. 144-145
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What happen in Spain in 1492 that changed the country's population?
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Ferdinand and Isabella ordered Jews and Muslims to become Christian or to leave Spain. Most Jews and Muslims did leave the country, including many leaders of industry and trade. p146
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What was the Babylonian Captivity?
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Years that the pope lived in Avignon, France, instead of Rome, Italy (1309-1377). Began when Philip IV had a French bishop elected pope (Clement V) who moved the headquarters of the church to Avignon. Period was named for the time the ancient Hebrews were forced to live in Babylon, > 1,800 years ago. p150
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What was the Great Schism?
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Period of church history from 1378-1417 when the church was divided into opposing groups. During this time the church had 2 or 3 popes. For political reasons, each pope had the support of certain national rulers & clergy. p150
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What was the Babylonian Captivity?
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Years that the pope lived in Avignon, France, instead of Rome, Italy (1309-1377). Began when Philip IV had a French bishop elected pope (Clement V) who moved the headquarters of the church to Avignon. Period was named for the time the ancient Hebrews were forced to live in Babylon, > 1,800 years ago. p150
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What was the Great Schism?
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Period of church history from 1378-1417 when the church was divided into opposing groups. During this time the church had 2 or 3 popes. For political reasons, each pope had the support of certain national rulers & clergy. p150
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Who was John Wycliffe?
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In the late 1300s, John Wycliffe was a priest & teacher at Oxford. He criticized the church and was accused of heresy. He promoted English Bible. The royal court defended him. He was banned from the church not executed. p151
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Who was Jan Hus?
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Jan Hus was a religious reformer & teacher at Prague. He criticized the church and was accused of heresy. His attacks angered clergy & in 1411 was excommunicated. He was tried then executed; burned at the stake as a heretic. p151
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Why was the conflict between Philip IV and Boniface the beginning of the weakening of church power in the late Middle Ages?
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It is the first instance of a king with enough power to stand up to a pope and the church.
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Summarize the events that weakened the power of the church from 1294 to 1450.
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1294-Philip IV of France orders clergy to pay taxes; 1302-Pope Boniface declares papal power over worldly rulers; 1309-Pope Clement V moves headquarters to Avignon, FR; 1378-cardinals elect 2 popes; 1378-1417 church has 2 or 3 popes 149-150.
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Why did Europeans fight in the Crusades?
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to recapture Holy lands from the Turks. They thought they were fighting for God - that this is what God wanted.
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How did the Crusades affect the government, economy, and culture of Europe?
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Kings grew stronger; new ideas changed culture; Italian cities became trading centers
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Why did trade begin again in Europe during the late Middle Ages?
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Europeans wanted Asian goods because of exposure during the Crusades.
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How did the revival of trade help in the development of manufacturing, banking, and investing?
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The domestic system developed to meet demand for goods; banks lent money and provided bills of exchange; investors wanted profits from increased trade
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How did life for people in towns change in the late Middle Ages?
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Merchant and craft guilds formed and many serfs moved to towns.
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How did education, philosophy, and architecture change in the later Middle Ages?
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Universities developed; scholars tried to bring together faith and logic in scholasticism; Romanesque church architecture gave way to Gothic
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How did the Hundred Years' War affect the government of England and France?
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Parliament gained more power over the king in England while the French king became stronger.
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How did the Hundred Years' War affect the government of England and France?
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Parliament gained more power over the king in England while the French king became stronger.
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Why did Spain become a stronger nation and the Holy Roman Empire become weaker?
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Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain, but the Holy Roman Empire remained divided in small states.
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What events led to the weakening of the church during the later Middle Ages?
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the conflict between the French king and the pope, the Babylonian Captivity, the Great Schism, and criticism from scholars
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What events led to the weakening of the church during the later Middle Ages?
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the conflict between the French king and the pope, the Babylonian Captivity, the Great Schism, and criticism from scholars
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How did the Crusades promote an exchange of ideas and goods?
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Europeans were introduced to new ideas and good when they traveled to the Middle East or from things that were brought back from the Middle East.
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How did the growth of trade and towns bring changes to the feudal and manorial systems?
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Manors were no longer self-sufficient and power shifted from feudal lords to merchants and kings.
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What groups lost power as Europe's kings established strong nations?
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the nobles and the church lost power
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What groups lost power as Europe's kings established strong nations?
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the nobles and the church lost power
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How did the Crusades promote an exchange of ideas and goods?
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Europeans were introduced to new ideas and good when they traveled to the Middle East or from things that were brought back from the Middle East.
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Who was Isabella d'Este?
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Isabella d'Este was a rich Italian patron of the arts who used her wealth to support artists and scholars. Her palace was filled with painting and sculptures by the finest Renaissance artists. p163
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Who was Francesco Petrarch?
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Petrarch was one of the first humanists; he lived from 1304-1374. He became a famous teacher & scholar. A poet, his sonnets to an imaginary Laura are considered some of the greatest love poems in history. p163
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Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
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Niccolo Machiavelli was a Florentine diplomat & historian living from 1469-1513. In his 1513 essay "The Prince", he described government as it actually worked & argued that a ruler should only be concerned with power & political success. p164
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Who was Leonardo Da Vinci?
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Leonardo Da Vinci was an Italian architect, engineer, painter, sculptor & scientist who lived from 1452-1519. He used science to improve his art. Some of his most famous works are the "Mona Lisa", & "The Last Supper." p166
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Who was Leonardo Da Vinci?
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Leonardo Da Vinci was an Italian architect, engineer, painter, sculptor & scientist who lived from 1452-1519. He used science to improve his art. Some of his most famous works are the "Mona Lisa", & "The Last Supper." p166
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Who was Francesco Petrarch?
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Petrarch was one of the first humanists; he lived from 1304-1374. He became a famous teacher & scholar. A poet, his sonnets to an imaginary Laura are considered some of the greatest love poems in history. p163
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Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
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Niccolo Machiavelli was a Florentine diplomat & historian living from 1469-1513. In his 1513 essay "The Prince", he described government as it actually worked & argued that a ruler should only be concerned with power & political success. p164
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Who was Michelangelo?
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Michelangelo was a master of Renaissance Art who lived from 1475-1564. He was a brilliant painter & sculptor. He is famous for his frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel & his biblical figures such as David. p166
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Who was Michelangelo?
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Michelangelo was a master of Renaissance Art who lived from 1475-1564. He was a brilliant painter & sculptor. He is famous for his frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel & his biblical figures such as David. p166
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Who was Rafael?
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Rafael was a Florentine popular artist who lived from 1483-1520. The pope hired him to paint frescoes in the papal chambers. He specialized in paintings of Madonna, the Virgin Mary. p166
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Who was Titian?
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Titian was a Venetian artist who lived from 1488-1576. His works, such as the "Assumption of the Virgin" are known for their sense of drama & rich colors. The Holy Roman emperor was a patron of Titian making him one the 1st painters to become wealthy from his work. p166
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What were some characteristics of Italian humanists?
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Italian humanists: interested in human achievement & Greek/Roman culture (classics), & used critical method of study.
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Who were some Italian humanists and what was an example of their work?
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Italian humanists: Petrarch (Sonnets to Laura), Machiavelli (The Prince), and Castiglione (The Book of the Courtier)
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What were some characteristics of Northern humanists?
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Northern humanists, were interested in early Christian period, & Greek/Roman culture (classics) and used critical method of study.
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What was the main difference between Northern and Italian humanists?
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Italian humanists were interested in human achievement and Northern humanists were interested in the early Christian period.
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What were similarities between Northern and Italian humanists?
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Northern and Italian humanists were both interested in early Greek and Roman culture (classics) and used a critical method of study.
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Who was Baldassare Castiglione?
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Baldassare Castiglione was an Italian diplomat and humanist who lived from 1478-1528. His published a famous book of the Renaissance, "The Book of the Courtier. His book explained how people should act in polite society. p164
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Who were some Northern humanists and what was an example of their work?
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Northern humanists: Desiderious Erasmus (The Praise of Folly), Thomas More (Utopia), William Shakespeare (Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet, Macbeth)
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What was the Flemish school?
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A group of painters who perfected the technique of oil painting on canvas. Included , brothers Jan & Hubert van Eyck, & Pieter Brueghel the Elder. p169
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Who was Albrecht Durer?
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Albrecht Durer was a German artist who lived from 1471-1528. He was famous for his copper engravings and woodcuts. p170
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Who was Pieter Brueghel the Elder?
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Pieter Brueghel the Elder was a famous Flemish artist who painted lively scenes of village festivals & dances. He also used his paintings to criticize the intolerance and cruelty he saw around him. p170
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Who were Jan and Hubert van Eyck?
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Jan & Hubert van Eyck were brothers & Flemish painters who paid great attention to detail. They particularly focused on realistic facial expressions. In a painting for a church they realistically portrayed the faces of Adam & Eve. p169
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Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
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In about 1450, German Johannes Gutenberg became the first European to use movable type to print books. He used this printing press to print bibles (Gutenberg Bibles). p167
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Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
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In about 1450, German Johannes Gutenberg became the first European to use movable type to print books. He used this printing press to print bibles (Gutenberg Bibles). p167
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Who was Desiderus Erasmus?
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Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus was the most influential Northern humanist writer. He studied classics & the early Christian period in a monastery. His most famous book was entitled "The Praise of Folly" in which he criticized the church & Christians. p168
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Who was Thomas More?
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Thomas More was an English humanist writer & friend of Erasmus. In his work "Utopia" he condemned governments & private ownership. He described an imaginary, ideal society. p168
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Who was William Shakespeare?
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William Shakespeare is a leading literary figure of the Renaissance producing poetry & dramatic plays including "Hamlet", "Romeo & Juliet", and "Macbeth". p169
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Why did the printing press spread so quickly throughout Europe?
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Books could be printed quickly and economically (cheaply).
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What were the main ideas and values of the Northern Renaissance?
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interested in early Christian culture as as the classics (Greek / Roman culture) and valued spirituality in the church
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What are indulgences?
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Paid pardons from punishment for sin. p171.
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What are sects?
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Religious societies of a few people, usually with a preacher as their leader. p173
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What is predestination?
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Belief that at the beginning of time God decided who would be saved. p174
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What is theocracy?
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Government ruled by religious leaders claiming God's authority. p175
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What was the Reformation?
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Religious revolution in the 1500s that split the church in western Europe and created a number of new churches. p171
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Who was Martin Luther?
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Martin Luther was a priest & teacher. He criticized the church's selling of indulgences. He believed in salvation through the grace of God. He posted 95 theses opposing indulgences. He was declared a heretic & was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. He founded the Lutheran Church. p172
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Who was Martin Luther?
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Martin Luther was a priest & teacher. He criticized the church's selling of indulgences. He believed in salvation through the grace of God. He posted 95 theses opposing indulgences. He was declared a heretic & excommunicated from the Catholic Church. He founded the Lutheran Church. p172
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Who was Henry VIII?
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Henry VIII was the king of England who caused the break between England & the Catholic Church. The break was a political move because he wanted to divorce his wife & the pope denied his request. He created the Church of England, AKA the Anglican Church. p173
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Who was Henry VIII?
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Henry VIII was the king of England who caused the break between England & the Catholic Church. The break was a political move because he wanted to divorce his wife & the pope denied his request. He created the Church of England, AKA the Anglican Church. p173
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Who was John Calvin?
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John Calvin was a French Protestant that carried on the earlier work of Huldrych Zwingli. In Switzerland he founded a Protestant church & religion known as Calvinism with followers called Calvinists. Calvinism emphasized faith, the bible & predestination. p174
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Who were Huguenots?
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French people, including high-ranking nobles who converted to Calvinism. p175
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Who were Protestants?
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German princes who supported Martin Luther and protested the emperor's treatment of Lutheranism. Luther's followers and later church reformers came to be called Protestants.
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What did Martin Luther hope to achieve by posting the 95 theses?
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Luther hoped to stop a practice (the selling of indulgences) that he felt corrupted the Roman Catholic church and misled the people.
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How did the views of John Calvin differ from those of the Catholic Church?
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Calvin believed in predestination of the elect; the Catholic Church held that salvation was open to all through its ceremonies and practices.
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What was the Counter-Reformation?
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Starting in the 1530s, an attempt by the Catholic Church, following the Reformation, to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters. It also included an an effort to stop the spread of Protestantism. Sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. p176
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What was the Council of Trent?
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Meeting of church leaders in the 1500s called by Pope Paul III to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Counter-Reformation. It also acted to end abuses and to tighten discipline within the clergy. p177
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Who were the Jesuits?
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Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534. His followers took vows of chastity, poverty & obedience to the pope. Loyola organized the Jesuits like a military body. They spread Catholicism, stressed education & established colleges.177
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What was the Counter-Reformation?
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Starting in the 1530s, an attempt by the Catholic Church, following the Reformation, to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters. It also included an an effort to stop the spread of Protestantism. Sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. p176
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What was the Council of Trent?
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Meeting of church leaders in the 1500s called by Pope Paul III to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Counter-Reformation. It also acted to end abuses and to tighten discipline within the clergy. p177
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