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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a dowry?
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money or goods a wife brings to a marriage (Justinian allowed Christian women to won property equal to the value of their dowry) p30
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What is an icon?
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Holy picture of Jesus, the Virgin Mary or a saint. p32
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What are iconoclasts?
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People who opposed the use of icons in worship. They believed having icons was the same as worshipping idols. p32
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What is heresy?
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Opinion that conflicts with official church beliefs. p34
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What is excommunication?
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Official edict that bars a person from church membership. (kicks them out of church) p34
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What is a mosaic?
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Picture or design made from small pieces of enamel, glass, or stone. p35
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Who was Justinian?
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Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from AD 527 to AD 565. Justinian's accomplishments made this one of the greatest periods in Byzantine history. p30
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What was the Justinian Code?
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Collection of Roman laws that formed the basis for Byzantine law under Emperor Justinian. It is also the basis of English civil law, one of the major legal systems in the world today. p30
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Who was Theodora?
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Wife and adviser of Justinian. With her urging, Justinian changed Byzantine law to affect the status of women allowing them to own property and to give them greater benefit in divorce. p30
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Who was Belisarius?
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Under Justinian, general of the Byzantine army.He led troops that crushed the Nika revolt and won former Roman lands back to increase the size of the Byzantine empire p31
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What was "Greek Fire"?
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Flammable liquid used as a weapon by the Byzantine empire. p32
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What was the Iconoclastic Controversy?
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Debate between opponents and defenders of icons in the Byzantine Church; one of the issues that led to the split of the Christian Church in 1054. p34
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Who were Cyril and Methodius?
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brothers who were Christian missionaries. They tried to teach the Bible to Slavs in central and eastern Europe. They created an alphabet that came to be known as the Cyrillic alphabet. p34
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What is the Hagia Sophia?
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Great, decorative Byzantine church in Constantinople built under Justinian. It has a large dome over a rectangular building the first of its kind. p35
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Who were the Ottoman Turks?
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Asian people who conquered the Byzantine empire in the 1300 & 1400s and Constantinople in 1453 and established a large empire. p36
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Summarize the difference between the Eastern and Western Christian churches.
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Eastern: patriarch of Constantinople as leader, first against icons then eventually accepted icons; Western: allowed icons, became Roman Catholic Church, pope as leader
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Summarize the differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Easter Orthodox Church in the areas of clergy marriage, icons, leadership and the Trinity.
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Roman Catholic: no married priests, icons allowed, Roman pope supreme authority, and accepted the view that the Holy Spirit combines both Father & Son. Eastern Orthodox: married priests allowed, icons initially rejected then allowed, rejected Roman Pope as leader, Father supreme in the Trinity
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What might have happened if Justinian had not survived the Nika Revolt?
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The Byzantine Empire might never have reached such a great size.
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How might the Byzantine military have been affected by a bad economy?
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It might have weakened.
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What factors contributed to the division of the Christian church?
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disagreement about the leader of the church and the Iconoclastic controversy
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What factors contributed to the division of the Christian church?
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disagreement about the leader of the church and the Iconoclastic controversy
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How did Justinian's interest in Roman law affect European legal systems for years to come?
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it became the basis of English civil law, which still exists.
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What events and developments led to the gradual decline of the Byzantine Empire?
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Justinian's death, civil wars, conflicts with outside powers, Turkish capture of Asia Minor, Ottoman capture of Constantinople
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What events and developments led to the gradual decline of the Byzantine Empire?
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Justinian's death, civil wars, conflicts with outside powers, Turkish capture of Asia Minor, Ottoman capture of Constantinople
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How did Justinian's interest in Roman law affect European legal systems for years to come?
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it became the basis of English civil law, which still exists.
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What does the term steppe mean?
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It refers to a large grassy plain stretching across eastern Europe and central Asia that is ideal for agriculture. p37
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Who were the boyars?
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Nobles who advised the prince in each Kievan city. p39
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What doe the term taiga mean?
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It is a Russian region, north of the steppe having great forests, much rainfall, and cold, long winters. p39
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Who was Rurik?
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Leader of a people called the Rus. He came to rule Kiev and the Slavic tribes along the Dnieper River. p38
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Who were the Rus?
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People led by Rurik who came to rule Kiev and the Slavic tribes along the Dnieper River p38
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Who was Yaroslav the Wise?
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He ruled Kievan Russia from AD 1019 to AD 1054, a great period in Russian history. Also known as Yaroslav I, he built many churches & introduced Russia's first law code, the Pravda Russkia, which combined elements of tribal customs, older laws & traditions.p39
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What was the Pravda Russkia?
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Russia's first law code, created by Yaroslav I also known as Yaroslav the Wise p39
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Who was Vladimir I?
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Kievan Russia ruler who sent observers to Christian churches & was impressed with the rituals of Orthodox Christianity. In AD 988, he converted to Christianity & ordered all Kievans to become Christians. He destroyed pagan statues. The Byzantine church became an important force in Kievan Russian. p39
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What was the organization of the Kievan political system top to bottom?
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Kievan Political System top to bottom: prince, council, veches
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What was the organization of the Kievan social classes system top to bottom?
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Kievan social classes top to bottom: local princes and their families, boyars, artisans and merchants, peasants
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What geographic features characterize the plain (steppe) of eastern Europe and central Asia, and why did these features attract human settlement?
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The flat terrain allowed for invasion; the numerous rivers provided a network of transportation and enabled trade. The fertile soil was ideal for farming (agriculture).
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What importance did geography have in the development of Kiev as a powerful city?
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Kiev prospered and gained power because of its location along the rich trade route between Constantinople and the Baltic Sea.
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What geographic features characterize the plain (steppe) of eastern Europe and central Asia, and why did these features attract human settlement?
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The flat terrain allowed for invasion; the numerous rivers provided a network of transportation and enabled trade. The fertile soil was ideal for farming (agriculture).
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What importance did geography have in the development of Kiev as a powerful city?
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Kiev prospered and gained power because of its location along the rich trade route between Constantinople and the Baltic Sea.
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How did Kievan Russia and the Byzantine Empire similarly increase their wealth?
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They traded with each other.
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How did Kievan Russia and the Byzantine Empire similarly increase their wealth?
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They traded with each other.
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What is a czar?
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It was a title taken by Ivan the Terrible; it is Russian for "caesar". Many Russian rulers used this title. p42
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What is meant by the phrase "third Rome"?
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Moscow & the interpretation of the city's leading role in bringing spiritual light to the world. A churchman explained that the 1st Rome had fallen because of heresy. The 2nd Rome, Constantinople, had been conquered by non-Christians. Moscow, the 3rd Rome, would bring the spiritual light of Christian orthodoxy to the whole world. p43
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Who was Vladimir Monomakh?
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Ruler of Kiev from AD 1113 to AD 1125. Under his leadership Kiev experienced a brief revival after a decline. Vladimir was merciless against his enemies. He led military campaigns against the Polovtsy who interfered with Kiev's trade. p41
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Who were the Polovtsy?
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Turkish people who after 1055 controlled the area south of Kiev in Russia. They interfered with Kiev's trade so Vladimir Monomakh led military campaigns against them. p41
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Who were the Polovsy?
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Turkish people who after 1055 controlled the area south of Kiev in Russia. They interfered with Kiev's trade so Vladimir Monomakh led military campaigns against them. p41
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Who was Vladimir Monomakh?
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Ruler of Kiev from AD 1113 to AD 1125. Under his leadership Kiev experienced a brief revival after a decline. Vladimir was merciless against his enemies. He led military campaigns against the Polovtsy who interfered with Kiev's trade. p41
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Who was Ivan III?
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From AD 1462 to AD 1505 Ivan III also known as Ivan the Great, ruled Moscow as Great Prince. He asserted independence from the Mongols, united many Russian principalities and became the first ruler of the independent state called Russia p42
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Who was Ivan the Terrible?
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Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) became ruler of Russia at age 3. He took the title of czar (caesar). An able administrator; he modernized the legal code, renewed trade with Western Europe & opened Siberia to settlement. His personal civil servants were called oprichniki. He led brutal attacks on cities & murdered his oldest son which earned him name, Ivan the Terrible. p42
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What are some of the forces acting between AD 1054 & AD 1203 that caused the downfall of Kievan Russia?
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civil war, invasion by Polovtisians; and Mongol invasion
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How did the distribution of land among Kievan princes help the Mongols to invade?
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Towns were weakened when Kievan princes began to fight among themselves.
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How did the distribution of land among Kievan princes help the Mongols to invade?
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Towns were weakened when Kievan princes began to fight among themselves.
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What are some of the forces acting between AD 1054 & AD 1203 that caused the downfall of Kievan Russia?
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civil war, invasion by Polovtisians; and Mongol invasion
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Who was Ivan III?
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From AD 1462 to AD 1505 Ivan III also known as Ivan the Great, ruled Moscow as Great Prince. He asserted independence from the Mongols, united many Russian principalities and became the first ruler of the independent state called Russia p42
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Who was Ivan the Terrible?
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Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) became ruler of Russia at age 3. He took the title of czar (caesar). An able administrator, he modernized the legal code, renewed trade with Western Europe & opened Siberia to settlement. His personal civil servants were called oprichniki. He led brutal attacks on cities & murdered his oldest son which earned him name, Ivan the Terrible. p42
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How was Ivan IV's (Ivan the Terrible) use of absolute rule different than Ivan III's (Ivan the Great)?
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Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) was cruel and ruthless. He led brutal attacks destroying cities and murdered his oldest son.
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How was Ivan IV's (Ivan the Terrible) use of absolute rule different than Ivan III's (Ivan the Great)?
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Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) was cruel and ruthless. He led brutal attacks destroying cities and murdered his oldest son.
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Why was the Justinian code important?
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It provided the basis for many European legal systems and for English civil law.
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Why was the Justinian code important?
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It provided the basis for many European legal systems and for English civil law.
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How was the Byzantine Empire able to last for 1,000 years?
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It had a strong centralized government and strong military.
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How was the Byzantine Empire able to last for 1,000 years?
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It had a strong centralized government and strong military.
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What was the result of the Iconoclastic Controversy?
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In 1054, the Christian church divided into two churches, the Eastern (Eastern Orthodox Church) and the Western (Roman Catholic Church).
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What was the result of the Iconoclastic Controversy?
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In 1054, the Christian church divided into two churches, the Eastern (Eastern Orthodox Church) and the Western (Roman Catholic Church).
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What are some cultural highlights of the Byzantine Empire?
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passed on learnings of ancient Greece, Rome and the East; Cyrillic alphabet, murals, icons; mosaics; Hagia Sophia
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What are some cultural highlights of the Byzantine Empire?
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passed on learnings of ancient Greece, Rome and the East; Cyrillic alphabet, murals, icons; mosaics; Hagia Sophia
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What led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire?
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civil wars, conflicts with outside powers, Turkish capture of Asia Minor, Ottoman capture of Constantinople
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What led to the decline of the Byzantine Empire?
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civil wars, conflicts with outside powers, Turkish capture of Asia Minor, Ottoman capture of Constantinople
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How did the Slavs benefit from the Vikings' travels in the southern part of eastern Europe?
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They benefited from Viking trade.
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How did the Slavs benefit from the Vikings' travels in the southern part of eastern Europe?
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They benefited from Viking trade.
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Who had the least and most power in Kievan Russia?
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Individual households of peasants had the least power, while princes had the most power.
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Who had the least and most power in Kievan Russia?
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Individual households of peasants had the least power, while princes had the most power.
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What demands did the Mongols make on the Kievan Russians?
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taxes
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What demands did the Mongols make on the Kievan Russians?
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taxes
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Which rulers helped the rise of Moscow?
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Ivan I, Ivan III (the Great), and Ivan IV (the terrible)
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Which rulers helped the rise of Moscow?
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Ivan I, Ivan III (the Great), and Ivan IV (the terrible)
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What is meant by the phrase "the third Rome"?
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Moscow & the interpretation of the city's leading role in bringing spiritual light to the world. A churchman explained that the 1st Rome had fallen because of heresy. The 2nd Rome, Constantinople, had been conquered by non-Christians. Moscow, the 3rd Rome, would bring the spiritual light of Christian orthodoxy to the world. p43
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Why did the Russian Orthodox church call Moscow the "third Rome"
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A Russian churchman explained this phrase by stating that the first Rome had fallen because of heresy. The second Rome, Constantinople, had been conquered by non-Christians. The churchman then claimed that Moscow, the third Rome, would bring the spiritual lights of Christian orthodoxy to the whole world. p43
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Did Kievan Russia have a form of government in which citizens had a voice?
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Yes, they participated in town meetings.
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What effects did access to bodies of water have on the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Russia?
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Water access allowed them both to engage in profitable trade.
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Which lasted longer, Mongols rule in Russia or the Byzantine Empire? How did the way in which these two powers ruled make a difference?
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Byzantine Empire, because of its strong central government; Mongol princes became independent, weaker.
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