World Civ Pg. 1

Front 1

The notion that legitimate political authority resides not in kings but, rather, in the people who make up a society.

Back 1

Popular sovereignty

Front 2

rule as absolute monarchs. In early modern Europe centralizing monarchs asserted themselves as this.

Back 2

"divine rights as kings"

Front 3

Formulated one of the most influential theories of contractual government. In his SECOND TREATISE OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT, Locke held that government arose in the remote past when people decided to work together, form civil society, and appoint rulers to protect and promote their common interest. Individuals granted political rights to their rulers but retained personal rights to life, liberty,and property. Any ruler who violated these rights was subject to deposition.

Back 3

John Locke

Front 4

The most prominent advocate of political equity was the French-Swiss thinker________, who identified with simple working people and deeply resented the privileges enjoyed by elite classes. In his influential book THE SOCIAL CONTRACT, he argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign. In an ideal society all individuals would participate directly in the formulation of policy and the creation of laws. In the absence of royalty, aristocrats, or other privileged elites, the general will of the people would carry the day.

Back 4

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Front 5

All men are created equal, that they endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, libery, and the pursuit of happiness. It echoed John Locke's contractual theory of government in arguing that individuals established their power and authority from the "consent of the governed."

Back 5

Declaration of Independence

Front 6

when the British government formally recognized American Independence.

Back 6

Treaty of Paris 1783

Front 7

French revolutionary leaders repudiated existing society, often referred to as the _______(the old order), and sought to replace it with a new political, social, and cultural structures.

Back 7

ancien regime

Front 8

An assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates.

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Estates General

Front 9

Proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to liberty, property, and security

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declaration of the rights of man and the citizen.

Front 10

with the radical Jacobin party, dominated the convetion, a lawyer by training, he had emerged during the revolution as a ruthless but popular radical known as "the incorruptible," and he dominated the Committee of Public Safety, the executive authority of the Republic. Sought to eliminated the influence of Christianity. Created "cult of reason" as alternative to Christianity. Reorganized calendar. Encouraged work class clothing. Increased rights of women by inheriting property and divorce their husbands. They still did NOT have the right to vote or participate in political affairs.

Back 10

Robespierre/ Jacobin Party

Front 11

The only successful slave revolt in history that took place on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in the aftermath of the French revolution.

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Haitian Revolution

Front 12

Called himself L'OUVERTURE, meaning "the opening," or the one who created an opening in enemy ranks. Son of slaves that could read and write. Joined revolt with rebels. He led an army of twenty thousand that controlled most of Saint- Dominque. He promulgated a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents of Saint-Dominque.

Back 12

Toussaint Louverture

Front 13

Colonial officials from Spain or Portugal

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Peninsulares

Front 14

Led movement for independece. Inspired by George Washington, he took up arms against Spanish rule. He assembled an army that surprised and crushed the Spanish Army in Columbia. His goal was to weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a great confederation like the United States in North America.

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Simon Bolivar

Front 15

Local strongmen who were granted military authority to be allies with the creole elites.

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Caudillos

Front 16

A coherent vision of human nature, human society, and the larger world that proposes some particular form of political and social organization as ideal.

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Ideology

Front 17

Viewed society as an organism that changed very slowly over the generations. Society was a compact between a people's ancestors, the present generation, and their descendants as yet unborn.

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Concervatism

Front 18

Took change as normal and welcomed it as the agent of progress. For them, the task of political and social theory was not to stifle change but, rather, to manage it in the best interests of society.

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Liberalism

Front 19

A prominent English philanthropist elected in 1780 to a seat in Parliament. 1807 Parliament passed his bill to end slave trade. Other states also banned commerce in slaves.

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William Wilberforce

Front 20

Published an essay entitled "A Vindication of the Rights of Women." she argued that women possessed all the rights that Locke had granted to men.

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Mary Wollstonecraft

Front 21

Giuseppe Mazzini formed a group called _______ that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state.

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Young Italy

Front 22

Theodor Herzl concluded that antisemitism was a persistent feature of human society that assimilation could not solve. He published the pamphlet judenstaat. He organized the World _______ organization which seeks to establish a home for Jewish people.

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Zionism

Front 23

Where representatives of the "great powers" that defeated Napoleon-Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia- attempted to restore the pre-revolutionary order. Klemens Von Metternich dismantled Napoleons empire, returned sovereignty to Europe's royal families.

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Congress of Vienna

Front 24

"The politics of reality" Bismarck was a master of this.

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Realpolitik

Front 25

Refers to a process that transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture.

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Industrialization

Front 26

Invented by James Watt, burned coal and water to create steam, which drove mechanical devices that performed work.

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Steam engine

Front 27

during the 1850's and 1860's government authorities in Britain and France laid the legal foundations for the modern __________ which became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies.

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Corporation

Front 28

beginning in the 19th century, industrializing lands experienced a social change known as __________, which refers to shifting patterns of fertility and mortality.

Back 28

demographic transition

Front 29

Among the most vocal and influential critics of early industrial society were the ______, who worked to alleviate the social and economic problems generated by Capitalism and industrialization. Condemned the system that permitted the exploitation of laborers, especially women and children. Sought to expand the Enlightenment.

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Socialism

Front 30

Consisted of wage workers who had only their labor to sell.

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Proletariat

Front 31

Sought to advance the quest for a just and equitable society. They struggled to eliminate abuses of early industrial society and improve workers' lives by seeking higher wages and better working conditions for their members.

Back 31

Trade Unions

Front 32

When businesses were able to operate on their own, the government sold them to private entrepreneurs, who often built huge industrial empires known as ______ "wealthy cliques" Usually operated and controlled companies in several industries.

Back 32

Zaibatsu