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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body?
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Vagina
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What is the name of the lower, narrow portion of the uterus?
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The Cervix
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Where do FSH and LH originate from?
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The pituitary
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What is the role of FSH?
What is the role of LH? |
FSH matures the follicles
LH causes the release of an egg |
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What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
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Follicular
Ovulatory Luteal |
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What are the three phases of the endometrial cycle?
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Menses
Proliferation Secretory (prepares for implantation of egg) |
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What is menarche? How is it triggered?
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The onset of menstruation
Triggered by secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus |
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What is the average age of onset of menarche?
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12.5 years
Was 16 years in the 19th century |
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What percentage of menstrual cycles are ovulatory?
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95% (less during the early years)
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What are some remedies for PMS/PMDD?
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Diet (less sugar, caffeine, sodium, alcohol)
Exercise Antidepressants Oral contraceptives Vitamin B6 |
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What is polymenorrhea?
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Cycle less than 21 days
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What is oligomenorrhea?
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Cycle more than 35 days
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What is Amenorrhea?
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Cycle of more than 180 days
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What is hypermenorrhea? Hypomenorrhea?
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Hyper= heavy flow
Hypo= low flow |
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What is metrorhagia?
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Prolonged bleeding
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What is an anovulatory cycle? What causes it?
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Anovulatory= no egg released
Caused by: PCOS, hormonal imbalance, stress, sudden weight loss, excessive exercise, drugs |
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What is primary amenorrhea?
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Lack fon menstruation by age 14 without physical maturity or by age 16
Usually caused by congential abnormalities affecting the production of hormones in the hypothalamus |
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What is secondary amenorrhea?
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Absence of menstruation for more than three cycles in women who have previously menstruated
Caused by pregnancy, adolescence, lactation, menopause, structural defect |
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What is dysmenorrhea?
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Difficult/painful menstruation
Accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Affects 50-75% of women Treatment= NSAIDs, oral contraceptives |
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What is endometriosis?
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The presence of endometrial tissue in a part of the body other than the uterine cavity
Probably caused by reflux of endometrial tissue, and responds to hormonal changes in the body May create scar tissue Uncommon in women who've had children |
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What is the frequency of endometriosis?
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10% of women
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What are the symptoms of endometriosis?
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Short cycles
Heavy flow Pelvic pain Pain during sex Changes in menstruation Painful urination/bowel movements during menstruation Infertility |
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How do you treat endometriosis?
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Medication (pain, suppression of estrogen)
Surgery (hysterectomy) |
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What is the bacteria responsible for toxic shock syndrome?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What is the frequency of toxic shock syndrome?
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1-17/100 000 tampon users
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What types of tampons are high risk for TSS?
What types are low righ? |
Cotton= low risk
High absorbency= high risk |
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What are the symptons of TSS?
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Early: fever, confusion, aches, fatigue, vomitting, diarrhea, dizziness, rash
Late: flaking/peeling of skin on palms and soles of feet |
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What is an observational study?
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A study that follows the same group of people over a period of time
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What are intervention studies?
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Studies that look at the way changes to behaviour affect health
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In what year were women of childbearing age barred from participating in early phase clinical trials?
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1977
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What were some reasons that women were excluded form research?
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Fear of harm to reproductive system
Men socialised to see male body as the "norm" Worried that controlling women's fluctuating hormones would increase costs Fears that women would become pregnant Fears that women would not want to leave children |
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Name some ways that we can overcome gender bias in research.
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More diverse researchers (men will try to uphold their social status by excluding women)
More women in positions of authority |
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True or false: cardiovascular disease kills more women than all cancers combined.
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True
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What are some reasons for doctor's lack of awareness about the importance of CVD in women?
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Exclusion of women from CVD clinic trials leading to unclear diagnositc criteria
Inability to recognize "atypical" symptoms of CVD Tendency to minimize symptoms of CVD in women and chalk them up to "emotional" issues |
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When does the capacity for sexual arousal begin?
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Birth
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How many women report masturbating?
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40%
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What is the Klein scale of sexuality based on?
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Behaviour in the present
Behaviour in the past year Ideals |
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What is the median age for first intercourse in Canada?
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17
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What percentage of teenage girls report using a condom at last intercourse?
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70%
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Who documented the physiological response of sexual stimulation in women?
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Master and Johnson
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What are the failings of the Master and Johnson model of female arousal?
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Simplistic
Fails to address things such as sexual drive, libido, desire, passion Overlooks importance of intimacy, self-expression, mutual pleasing Overall satisfaction assumed to result from functioning parts and phases |
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What was the four phase sexual response cycle outlined by Master and Johnson?
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Excitement (Arousal)
Plateau Orgasm Resolution |
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What are three alternative models of sexuality?
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Basson: orgasm not the goal of every sexual encounter, desire may be a response to arousal
Kaplan: emotional aspects of sex, desire is the most important |
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What model forms the basis of evaluating psychologic causes of sexual dysfunction in women?
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Kaplan's model of Desire, Arousal, and Orgasm
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What are some physiological symptoms of arousal?
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Vasocongestion
Engorgement Sex flush Muscle Tension Vaginal Lubrication Uterus moves into false pelvis Clitoral engorgement Breasts swell |
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Where does female ejaculate come from?
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The urethra, but has different composition than urine. Thought to come from the Skenes gland, which is located near the G spot.
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What are the three types of female orgasm?
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Clitoral
Pelvic (G spot) Blended |
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What are the four types of sexual dysfunction?
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Lifelong
Acquired Situational Generalised |
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What are the four groups of sexual dysfunction disorders?
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Desire disorders
Arousal disorders Orgasmic disorders Pain disorders |
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What percentage of women report some sort of sexual dysfunction?
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43%
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True or False: younger women are more likely to report sexual dysfunction than older women.
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True
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Why do we say sexually transmitted infection instead of STD?
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Infection= less stigmatised, accounts for asymptomatic carriers, broader term
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What types of organisms are involved in STIs?
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Bacteria
Viruses Parasites/Protozoa Fungus |
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Describe HIV
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Two types (1 and 2)
Lentivirus Transmitted via blood and mucous secretions Transmitted by intercourse, mother-child, exposure to contaminated body fluids Infects CD4 expressing macrophages and T cells |
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What are the clinical manifestations of acute HIV infection
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No symptoms
Fever Malaise Rash Encephalitis These symptoms occur for up to two weeks during the first six months of infection |
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What is the leading cause of death in Africa and the 4th leading cause of death worldwide?
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HIV/AIDS
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What are two ways to transmit HPV?
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Partner-partner
Mother-child |
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What subtypes of HPV cause anogenital warts and carcinoma?
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6,11, 16, 18
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What percentage of students at McGill have been infected by HPV?
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54%
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Which Herpes Virus is more commonly associated with genital sores? Is the other type only mouth-specific?
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HSV-2
No, HSV-1 can infect the labia |
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Where does the Herpes virus go while it is dormant?
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Nerve cells
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How many adults in the developing world have antibodies to HSV2? How many in the US?
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70%
30% |
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True or False: condoms are good at preventing HSV infection.
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False. Its better that your partner take their meds.
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Describe chlamidya.
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Bacterial
Causes intracellular infection (like a virus) Types D-K cause genital infection 85-90% asymptomatic Most common bacterial STI Treat with antibiotics Condoms good prevention |
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Describe Gonorrhea
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Bacterial
Lives in cells Treatable with antibiotics Second most common bacterial STI Similar symptoms to chlamidya but more severe Treat with antibiotics Prevent with condoms |
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What is trepona pallidum?
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The cause of sphyillis
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Describe Sphyillis
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Spirochete bacteria
Incubates up to 90 days Can get major organ damage (if infection gets to tertiary stages and continues for 10-30 years) 10% of pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa have it Treat with antibiotics Prevent with condoms |
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True or False: voluntary abortion is a contraceptive technique.
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False.
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What is abortion?
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The termination of a pregnancy by any means before a fetus is sufficiently developed to survive
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What are some outcomes associated with unintended pregnancy?
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Later entry into prenatal care
Fewer prenatal visits Tobacco and alcohol use Infant mortality, child abuse, insufficient resources for child development |
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When did Canada criminalise abortion?
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19th century
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How many women in Canada died due to botched abortions between 1926 and 1947?
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4000-6000
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When were women in Canada allowed to get "therapeutic abortions"?
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1967
Women could apply to hospital committee for approval |
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What were some problems with the abortion hospital committees?
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Some hospitals didn't have them
No guidelines Paper work delays (6-8 weeks) Geographic access |
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When were abortion laws in Canada ruled unconstitutional?
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1988
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What portion of abortions are conducted in hospitals in Canada?
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2/3
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How many abortions were there in Canada in the year 2000?
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100500
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What age group accounts for the largest percentage of abortions?
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Women aged 20-24
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What were the top five reasons women chose to get an abortion?
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Responsibility/concern for other individuals
Cannot afford baby now Baby would interfere with school/employment/ability to care for dependents Would be a single parent/relationship issues Has completed childbearing |
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What were the top three reasons for an abortion after 16 weeks?
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Did not realise she was pregnant
Difficulty arranging abortion Afraid to tell parents/partner |
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How does the abortion pill work?
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Mifepristone/RU-486
Not approved in Canada Three doctors visits |
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In what provinces/territories are abortions only available in hospitals?
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Nova Scotia
Saskatchewan Yukon NWT Nunavut |
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True or False: overall rates of abortion are similar in the world, regardless of whether or not abortion was legal.
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True
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If you are sexually active and don't use contraception, what chance do you have of getting pregnant?
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85%
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What is the definition of "perfect use" of a contraception?
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The inherent effectiveness of a method when used correctly and consistently
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What percentage of pregnancies in the US are unintended?
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50%
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What are the two biggest causes of unintended pregnancy?
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52%- nonuse of contraception
43%- incorrect or inconsistent use of contraception |
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What is combined hormonal contraception?
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Methods that contain both estrogen and progesterone
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How does estrogen based contraception work?
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Provides negative feedback against LH and FSH, preventing ovulation from occuring.
This is referred to as "primary" action. |
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How does progesterone based contraception work?
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Secondary action.
Interferes with tubal transport, makes cervical mucus thick, alters endometrial environment to make it hostile to implantation |
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What is Venous Thromboembolism? What are the risk factors for it?
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Blood clotting, often associated with birth control- but rare.
Risk factors: age, smoking, surgical procedures/trauma, immobility, genetic mutations, obesity, pregnancy, postpartum period |
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True or False: risk of VTE decreases with increased time using hormonal contraception.
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True
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Which women is Depo Provera appropriate for?
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Women sensitive to estrogen
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What is one difference between combined contraception and progesterone-only-mini pills
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Combined pills are taken daily. Progesterone pills are also taken daily, but must be taken within a three hour window.
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What is the mechanism of action of the IUD?
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Increases cervical mucous
Changes endometrium May inhibit ovulation |
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How effective are condoms if used with spermicide?
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99.9%
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What are two advantages of female condoms? What are two disadvantages?
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Advantages: female controlled, can be inserted well before intercourse
Disadvantages: less effective, expensive |
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What are some advantages to using a diaphragm? Disadvantages?
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Advantages: reservsible, unobtrusive, can be put in before intercourse, protects against non-viral STIs
Disadvantages: less effective, insertion difficult, can be messy, increased risk of vaginal infection and HIV |
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What is one thing that makes the contraceptive sponge different than the diaphragm in terms of advantages/disadvantages?
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Can be used by people allergic to latex
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What are two disadvantages for using spermicides?
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Must be used just prior to intercourse
Must be used in combination with other methods |
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What are the assumptions used for natural family planning?
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Ovulation occurs 14 days before next ovulation
Egg can be fertilised within 72 hours of ovulation Sperm remain alive for 72 hours |
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According to the sympto-thermal method of natural family planning, when should intercourse stop?
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When vaginal mucus becomes wet and cervix in a high position
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What is a vasectomy?
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A cutting of the vas deferens
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What are two methods of emergency contraception?
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Plan B/Yuzpe= progesterone- effective 3-5 days
IUD= effective up to 7 days |
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What percentage of women who wanted to be pregnant had a preconception health visit?
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28%
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What was the C-section rate in 2004?
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25.6%
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What are some signs of pregnancy?
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Breast changes (tenderness, swelling, full feeling)
Missed period Nausea/vomitting Fatigue/Drowsiness Frequent urination Positive pregnancy test (2-4 weeks) |
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When is a fetus most susceptible to teratogens?
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2-8 weeks
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What happens during the first trimester of development?
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Neural tube forms
Heart starts beating Kidneys and endocrine system being to form |
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What are some changes that a mother experiences during the first trimester?
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Mucous plug forms
Hormonal changes Increased need for oxygen Diaphragm moves up, ribcage expands |
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What occurs in terms of fetal developement during the second trimester?
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Appears more human
Can see bones via xray at 16 weeks Quickening around 16-20 weeks Can hear at 20 weeks Fetal movements at 20 weeks Viable outside womb at 24 weeks |
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What are some changes that a mother experiences during the second trimester?
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40-45% blood volume increase
Skin and hair changes CT of vagina loosens throughout pregnancy |
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What occurs in the third trimester in terms of fetal development?
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Doubles in weight in the last 6-8 weeks
Lung, eye, central nervous system development |
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What are some changes that a mother experiences during the third trimester?
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Joints start to relax, making it harder to walk
Braxton-Hicks contractions Increased pressure on lungs, stomach, bladder |
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What is a stillbirth?
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Death of a fetus/infant after 20 weeks gestation
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Describe labour and birth.
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37-40 weeks
Triggers poorly understood Softening to cervix, muscle contractions allow cervix to open gradually |
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How many women in Canada get an epidural?
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45%
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What are midwives scope of practice in Quebec?
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Practicing since 1999
Assist deliveries in independent birth centres, clients homes, hospitals Ables to start IVs, give antibiotics Do not care for women getting epidurals Do no administer pain medication |
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What are some changes that occur to the uterus during the postpartum period?
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Release of blood (lochia)
Uterus contracts (involution) |
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When will non-nursing mothers resume ovulation? When will nursing mothers?
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7-9 weeks
6 months (depending on exclusivity) |
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When will a mother start to produce breastmilk? What does she produce before this?
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3-4 days postpartum
She produces colostrum before this. |
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When do non-nursing mothers stop lactating?
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1-2 weeks. They will be engorged for 3-4 days.
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When will a woman's normal posture return postpartum? (remember her joints had relaxed before).
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6-8 weeks.
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What hormones decrease postpartum? Which hormones increase?
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Decrease: estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, hCG, HPL
Increase: prolactin, oxytocin |
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What factors may affect establishing a relationship between a mother and an infant?
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Relationship with partner
Stability of home environment Degree of nuturing mother received as a child Philosophy of childrearing |
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How many women develop post-partum blues?
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50-75% within a few days of birth
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What are some symptoms of postpartum blues?
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Mild depression with moments of happiness
Episodic tearfullness without an identifiable reason Lasts a few hours to two weeks |
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What is the cause of postpartum blues? How is this treated?
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Rapid alteration of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin levels
Treated with reassurance |
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How many women develop post-partum depression? When can it occur?
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8-26%
Any time within the first year, just prior to initiation of menses |
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What are some symptoms of postpartum depression?
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Exhaustion
Irritability Hostility towards others, including the newborn Sadness, low energy Feeling "numb" Obsessional thinking Fear of harming self/baby |
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What are some contributing factors for postpartum depression?
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Lack of social support
Lack of stable relationship with partner Woman's dissatisfaction with herself Unwanted pregnancy Primiparity Infants with health problems |
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What are some treatments for PPD?
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Antidepressants
Psychotherapy Nondirective counselling Cognitive behavioural therapy Support groups |
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What is postpartum psychosis?
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Occurs around time of delivery (first three months)
1-2 in 1000 women (less than 1%) Cause unknown, but half have history of mental illness Characterised by abrupt onset of delusions, hallucinations, insomnia, preoccupation with baby, anxiety, despair, agitation, hyperactivity, confusion, poor judgement, suicidal and infanticidal impulses |
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What are the benefits of breastfeeding for a mother?
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Less risk of postpartum hemorrhage
Increased child spacing Increased weightloss Reduced risk of breast/ovarian cancers Cheaper, more convenient, fewer missed work days |
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What are the benefits of breastfeeding for an infant?
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Less risk of infections
Less risk of diabetes, autoimmune diseases, SIDS, leukemia, obesity, asthma, etc |
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What are some benefits of breastfeeding for society?
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Decreased healthcare costs
Fewer hospitalisations for infectious diseases Reduction in worker absenteeism Environmental protection |
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How many babies in Canada are breastfed? How many exclusively for 6 months or longer?
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87%
16% |
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How many times do neonates feed during a 24 hour period?
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8-12 times
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What should a woman who smokes and breastfeeds do?
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If quitting not possible, smoke after feedings
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What two provinces have official specified rights for breastfeeding?
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Ontario and British Columbia
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When was postpartum depression first recognised as a disorder?
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19th century
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What is the definition of infertility?
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The inability to concieve a child after one year of unprotected intercourse OR
The inability to carry a pregnancy to live birth. |
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What is primary infertility? Secondary infertility?
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Primary: when a woman has never been able to concieve, bring a child to life
Secondary: when a woman cannot concieve, after having had one or more children |
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What percentage of infertility is a male problem? Female problem?
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50% male
35% female |
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What are the three common problems leading to female infertility?
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Ovulatory
Tubal Uterine |
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What accounts for 20% of female infertility?
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Endometriosis
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What are some common causes of male infertility?
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Abnormal semen
Lifestyle (drugs= marijuana, cocaine, tobacco) Prescription drugs Increasing temperature around testicles Infections STIs |
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Which women are the best candidates for IVF?
|
Tubal damage
Severe male factor Endometriosis Ovarian failure, inherited disorders Failed fertility treatments |
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When is Intrauterine Injection a good course of action for infertility?
|
When the man has low sperm motility/count
When a surrogate is being used |
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How are oocytes retrieved for IVF?
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Using an ultrasound to view the ovary, physician inserts needle through the wall of the vagina into the ovary and removes the eggs
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When should infertile couples consider ICSI?
|
Man has very low sperm count
Man has poor sperm motility Previous IVF attempts have not produced any fertilised eggs Sperm has to be extracted from testicles or epididymis due to obstruction |
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What percentage of IVF pregnancies result in multiple births?
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27%
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True or False: there is a link between ovarian cancer and infertility drugs.
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False
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What percentage of twins have low birth weight? Triplets?
|
Twins: 56.5%
Triplets: 94.1% |
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What is the average gestation for twins? Triplets?
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Twins: 36 weeks
Triplets: 33 weeks |
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How many Canadian women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime? How many will die?
|
1 in 9
1 in 28 |
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What are known risk factors for breast cancer?
|
Gender
Age Early menstruation Late menopause Having first baby after 30 or never having a baby Never breastfeeding Having a close relative with breast cancer (especially premenopause) Being overweight Taking hormone replacement therapy High exposure to radiation in chest area |
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What are some possible risk factors for breast cancer?
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Eating few fruits/vegetables
Drinking too much alcohol Being physically inactive Smoking tobacco Using birth control pills |
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What percentage of women with a BRCA mutation develop breast cancer?
|
60%
|
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What are some signs/symptoms of breast cancer?
|
Lump in armpit
Inverted nipple Crusting, ulceration, eczema-type symptoms on nipple Nipple discharge Changes in breast size or shape Changes in skin |
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True or false: women with an increased breat density are at higher risk for developing breast cancer?
|
True
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Why are breast self examinations no longer encouraged?
|
Do not decrease mortality
Lead to unnecessary visits to doctor |
|
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What type of screening do women get for breast cancer in Canada?
|
Women 50-69 screened once per year
Reduces mortality by 30% |
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What are some advantages to mammograms?
|
Can detect cancers that are not yet palpable
Serve as map/guide to surgeons Provide baseline for future comparison |
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In what part of the breast do most breast cancers originate from/
|
Glandular tissue. Are called adenocarcinomas.
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True or False: there is no difference in outcomes for women with stage I/II breast cancer who had a lumpectomy+radiation and those who had a masectomy.
|
True
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What are some things you should consider when booking a pevic exam?
|
Don't be on your period
Do not use douches, tampons, vaginal medications, vaginal sprays or powders 24 hours before Don't have sex 24 hours before |
|
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What are the two components of a pelvic exam?
|
External: check external parts of genitalia for abnormalities
Internal: check inside of vagine for cysts, pus, insert speculum to examine cervix |
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What is a bimanual exam?
|
An exam in which a physician inserts one finger into the vagina, and places another on the low abdomen. This is done to figure out condition of uterus/ovaries and detect pathology.
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Cervical cancer is the ___ most common cancer in women of all ages in Canada, and the ___ most common in women between the ages to 20 and 49.
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13th
3rd |
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What are risk factors for cervical cancer?
|
Sexually active at a young age
Multiple sexual partners Male partners had multiple sexual partners Lower socioeconomic status HPV Cigarette smoking Inadequate screening Immunocompromised |
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Why has the incidence of cervical cancer declined in Canada?
|
Due to Pap smears (its still to early for HPV vaccine to have an effect).
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What are some signs of cervical cancer?
|
Bleeding (spotting between periods, after sex, after menopause, longer than normal menstruation)
Increased vaginal discharge Pain in lower back/pelvis Pain during intercourse |
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What are the recommendations for cervical cancer screening?
|
Pap smear every year after initiation of sexual activity/ age of 18
Screening every 3 years after normal pap smear (in low risk women) |
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What are the two types of cervical cancer? What are their prevalence rates?
|
Squamous cell: 64%
Adenocarcinoma: 29% |
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What is a colopscopy?
|
Looking at the cervix with a microscope
|
|
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What two subtypes of HPV account for the majority of cervical cancer cases?
|
16 and 18
|
|
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What is the average time from an initial infection with HPV to the appearance of a cancer?
|
15 years
|
|
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How many people with an HPV associated cervical lesion will develop cancer if no intervention occurs?
|
1/5
|
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True or False: the association between HPV and cervical cancer is stronger than the association between lung cancer and smoking.
|
True
|
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Ovarian cancer is the ___ most common cancer among women in Canada, and the ___ leading cause of cancer death.
|
7th
5th |
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True or False: the majority of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer die.
|
True
|
|
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What are the two types of ovarian cancer?
|
Epithelial
Non-epithelial |
|
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What are the known risk factors for ovarian cancer?
|
Family history
Few or no pregnancies History of breast, colorectal, endometrial cancers Exposure to industrial products, high levels of radiation Diet high in fat Use of estrogens other than birth control pill |
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What are some symptoms of ovarian cancer?
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Indigestion
Gas Bowel disturbances Loss of appetite, weight Feeling of fullness, bloating Lower abdominal discomfort, pain Frequent urination |
|
|
True or False: most serious ovarian cancers probably originate from the fallopian tube, not the ovary.
|
True
|
|
|
What is the most common gynaecologic cancer (this does not count breast cancer)?
|
Endometrial cancer
4th most common cancer in women, 8th leading cause of cancer death |
|
|
What are some risk factors for endometrial cancer?
|
50+
Obesity Early menarche Late menopause Never having children Prolonged use of estrogen without progesterone Use of tamoxifen |
|
|
What are the signs/symptoms of endometrial cancer/
|
Bleeding after menopause
Increased menstrual flow/bleeding between periods Difficult/painful urination Pain during intercourse, in back, legs, pelvis |
|
|
How much of a woman's life may the post-menopausal period consume?
|
1/2 to 1/3
|
|
|
What is perimenopause?
|
Transition phase
Slow alteration in hormone production, usually begins in mid 40s and lasts 2 to 10 years Reduces estrogen and progesterone, ovulation and mestruation taper off Continues until one year after last menstrual period Birth control still necessary |
|
|
What is the average age of menopause? Age range?
|
51
45-54 |
|
|
What is surgical menopause?
|
The cessation of menstruation due to the removal of the ovaries (with or without hysterectomy)
|
|
|
What are some symptoms of menopause?
|
Hot flashes
Night sweats Anxiety Sleep disturbances Mood swings Memory problems Headaches |
|
|
What is bioidentical hormone replacement therapy?
|
Hormone replacement therapy using hormones from plants similar to estrogen/progesterone
|
|
|
What are some risk factors for osteoporosis?
|
Female
Older Post menopausal Family history White/Asian Thin/small boned Irregular periods Eating disorder Infrequent exercise Low vit D intake Smoking Caffeine Alcohol |
|
|
Hysterecomty is the ____ most common surgery performed on women in Canada.
|
2nd
|
|
|
What are the three types of hysterectomy?
|
Supracervical- all of uterus above cervix
Total- all of uterus Radical- uterus and surrounding tissues |
|
|
What are the indications for a hysterectomy?
|
Benign tumour
Cancer in situ Malignant tumour Fibroid Abcess Positive culture of reproductive organs |
|
|
What are some controversial indications for a hysterectomy?
|
Heavy bleeding during menses
Pelvic pain Uncontrolled post-partum bleeding Contraception Family pressures in cases of mental illness |
|
|
What are some alternatives to hysterectomy in cases of heavy bleeding?
|
Contraceptives, IUD, Depo Provera, Seasonale
Endometrial Abalation (for women not trying to concieve) |
|
|
What was Canada's hysterectomy rate in 2008-2009?
|
338/100 000
|
|
|
What percentage of American women will have a hysterectomy by age 60?
|
37%
|
|
|
What were the two most common reasons for hysterectomy?
|
Uterine fibroids
Menstrual disorders |
|
|
What is the McGill Model of Nursing defintion of health?
|
Dynamic multidimensional construct encompassing a number of processes, including coping and development
|
|
|
What are some age related changes that occur to skin, fat, and nails?
|
Skin: thinning, less elasticity, dryness
Fat: redistribution- decreases in face and extremities, increases in abdomen and hips Hair colour changes Nails thicken |
|
|
How much height can a woman loose as she ages?
|
1.5 to 3 inches
|
|
|
What are some skeletal changes associated with aging?
|
Bone looses calcium
Bone matrix thinner Bones more brittle Fractures more likely Erosion of articular cartilages |
|
|
What percentage of hip fractures are osteoporosis related?
|
70%
|
|
|
What percentage of injury related hospitalisations for seniors are a result of falls?
|
62%
1/3 in hip, lower leg, thigh, knee, ankle, foot |
|
|
What are some age related changes to the heart?
|
Loses elasticity
Increased stiffness Decrease in maximum cardiac output Increased risk of atherosclerosis |
|
|
What are some nervous system changes associated with aging?
|
Slowing of nervous system
Decreased postural control Gait changes Thermoregulation Sleep changes |
|
|
What are some causes of incontinence?
|
Weakened muscles
Medication Impaired mobility Infection Depression |
|
|
True or False: depression rates in older women are higher than those of younger women.
|
False- rate is 1.8%
|
|
|
What proportion of adults over the age of 60 report sexual activity monthly?
|
Over half
|
|
|
What are some sexual dysfunctions older women may experience?
|
Painful intercourse
Difficulty with arousal/lubrication Diminished sexual pleasure Inability to climax Lack of pleasure during sex |
|
|
What is the most common STI in women over 50?
|
Genital Herpes
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