Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What fraction of the population takes OTC meds regularly?
|
1/3
|
|
|
The five most popular OTC drugs are:
|
Analgesics, cough/cold, antacids, oral antiseptics, and laxatives.
|
|
|
Why is fall/winter often referred to as "cold season"
|
The Common Cold is more prevalent in winter because people congregate in school or otherwise inside, in close contact with each other.
|
|
|
Total OTC drug spending /year:
|
$25 Million
|
|
|
Define 'indications'
|
The symptoms the medicine should be taken to treat.
|
|
|
Define 'counter-indications'
|
The symptoms/situations where one should avoid a particular drug.
|
|
|
Define 'side effects'
|
Effects of a drug on the body beside the desired effects. Generally one refers to negative side effects.
|
|
|
Methyl Salicylate, a topical analgesic, killed which athlete?
|
Arielle Newman, an olympic runner, had an allergic reaction to this compound and died in June 2007.
|
|
|
Name one 16th century remedy for headache.
|
Put one's head in an oven to heat up the evil spirits to the point where they must flee the skull.
|
|
|
What is the most widely consumed analgesic?
|
Acetaminophen
|
|
|
From the bark of which tree was Aspirin originally derived? Name the tree and the family to which it belongs.
|
The Willow Tree from the Salix family.
|
|
|
How many recipes did the Sumerians have for beer?
|
16
|
|
|
The Egyptians used fat from snakes, lions, and hippopotami to treat what?
|
Baldness.
|
|
|
Name a contemporary baldness drug.
|
Rogaine
Proscar |
|
|
Name the ancient Egyptian treatment for night blindness.
|
Ox liver
|
|
|
The juice of which flower was very effective at calming crying babies?
|
Poppy
|
|
|
Who rediscovered the analgesic abilities of the Willow Tree in 1763?
|
Reverend Edward Stone
|
|
|
Explain the "Doctrine of Signatures."
|
If there is some form of association between a disease and a plant or animal, then the plant or animal is the key to treating the disease.
|
|
|
The bark of the Cinchona tree, sold as "Peruvian bark," was used to treat what?
|
Malaria.
|
|
|
What is the active ingredient in Cinchona tree bark (Peruvian bark) ?
|
Quinine.
|
|
|
Who was the first scientist to isolate Salicin from Willow Bark?
|
Henri Leroux (1829).
|
|
|
Who purified Salicin into Salicylic acid? When did he do it?
|
Rafaelle Piria in 1838.
|
|
|
What are the three medicaly beneficial qualities of Salicylic acid?
|
-Analgesic (pain relieving)
-Antipyretic (fever reducing) -Anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Name a negative side effect of Salicylic acid.
|
-Bitter tasting
-Sever stomach irritation |
|
|
Name the scientist (and year) who treated salicylic acid with acetic acid to form Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)?
|
Felix Hoffman in 1897.
|
|
|
Which company held the original patent to ASA?
|
Bayer.
|
|
|
Which kind of reaction takes place in the interaction between acetic and salicylic acids?
|
A condensation reaction.
|
|
|
Explain the role of Arthur Eichengrun in the birth of ASA. What other chemical breakthrough was he involved with?
|
Some believe he was the true creator of ASA, but as he was Jewish, the Nazis suppressed his discovery and so he gave the credit to Hoffman instead. He also is credited with inventing Cellulose Acetate, which replaced the highly flammable film rolls previously in use.
|
|
|
In which medium was Aspirin originally sold?
|
Powder.
|
|
|
Realizing Morphine was addictive, people turned to which drug to suppress cough, only to find it even more addicting?
|
Heroin.
|
|
|
Acetic acid + morphine = ???
|
Heroin
|
|
|
The original Bayer company, based in Germany, purchased the "Bayer" name in the USA for $1 billion in what year?
|
1994
|
|
|
ASA is good for muscular pain, or deep, visceral pain?
|
Muscular pain.
|
|
|
Headaches = brain pain?
|
Nope. Headache is pain in the muscles around the skull and neck.
|
|
|
Are introverts or extroverts more susceptible to pain?
|
Extroverts.
|
|
|
Ulf von Euler discovered which group of human enzymes?
|
Prostaglandins.
|
|
|
Explain how Prostaglandins lead to the sensation of pain.
|
Damaged cells produce arachidonic acid. The prostate gets this, and converts it to a protaglandin (COX-1), which goes to the brain, which sends a sensation of pain to the affected area.
|
|
|
Fever, inflammation, and pain are controlled by which specific group of enzymes?
|
Cyclo-oxygenase aka COX, a prostaglandin.
|
|
|
Thromboxane A2 is a prostaglandin. Hence, it is blocked by ASA. What is the function of this prostaglandin and what is the medical function of blocking it?
|
Thromboxane A2 aids the blood in clotting. Blocking it thins the blood, which is useful for people at risk of a heart attack.
|
|
|
A tablet of Aspirin contains 325 mg of ASA. What is the (lower) dose necessary to see benefits in heart patients?
|
30 mg
|
|
|
Why do chronic Aspirin users have a lower incidence of colon cancer DEATHS?
|
With thinner blood, a chronic aspirin user's colon cancer is much more likely to result in blood in the stool. This is a startling symptom and so they are more likely to see a doctor and begin treatment early.
|
|
|
Effects of Salicylism can be felt after the consumption of how many tablets?
|
12-25 tablets in one day.
|
|
|
Explain the symptom of Tinnitus.
|
A constant ringing in the ears. Literally drives people insane, some commit suicide.
|
|
|
In terms of Bayer Aspirin, children and heart patients have something in common. What is it?
|
Children's Aspirin and "Aspirin Low-Dose" (for heart patients) are both formatted at 80mg/tablet.
|
|
|
Name 3 side effects of Aspirin.
|
Gastric irritations, gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers.
(minor: allergic reactions, Reye Syndrome) |
|
|
How is "Buffered ASA" different from regular ASA?
|
It is buffered with antacids (weak base), which will neutralize the surplus of acid in the stomach.
|
|
|
Name the syndrome that may occur if ASA is used to treat chicken pox or flu symptoms.
|
Reye Syndrome.
|
|
|
Outline Reye Syndrome.
|
It causes swelling of the brain, which leads to pain, vomiting, brain damage, and sometimes death.
|
|
|
Why should Aspirin not be taken during the last 3 months of pregnancy?
|
Prostaglandins play a role in beginning uterine contractions, thus ASA may delay birth.
|
|
|
How many mg of ASA in Extra Strength?
|
500mg
|
|
|
Anacin and Midol contain various amounts of ASA and what extra ingredient?
|
Caffeine
|
|
|
In terms of Reye syndrome, is Acetaminophen safe for children?
|
Yes.
|
|
|
Name the two medical uses for Acetaminophen.
|
Analgesic, antipyretic (fever).
|
|
|
What is the difference between osteo- and rheumatoid- arthritis?
|
Osteoarthritis is caused by wear on the joints and the breakdown of lubrication. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes serious inflammation and heat at the joints.
|
|
|
Tylenol or Aspirin for rheumatoid arthitis?
|
Aspirin, because it will reduce the inflammation of the joints.
|
|
|
Anacin, Midol, and Excedrin- which contains the most caffeine?
|
Excedrin (62mg)
|
|
|
Glutathione serves as what?
|
The enzyme in the liver that breaks down Acetaminophen.
|
|
|
What is the active ingredient in Advil?
|
Ibuprofen.
|
|
|
Acetaminophen. ASA, and Ibuprofen; which is the most effective pain reliever?
|
Ibuprofen.
|
|
|
Is Ibuprofen safe for children with chicken pox?
|
Yes, it is not associated with Reye syndrome.
|
|
|
Ibuprofen is an analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and blood thinner, right?
|
Yes to everything, EXCEPT BLOOD THINNER. Ibuprofen has no benefits to heart patients.
|
|
|
Aleve contains what? Is it OTC in Canada? The USA?
|
Aleve contains Naproxen sodium. It is prescription only in Canada, but OTC in the USA.
|
|
|
NSAID stands for what?
|
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
|
|
|
ASA, Ibuprofen, and Naproxen sodium are all part of which class of pain killers?
|
NSAIDs
|
|
|
Is acetaminophen an NSAID?
|
Nope
|
|
|
What are the functions of COX-1 and COX-2?
|
COX-1: Stomach acid regulation
COX-2: Stimulates the pain sensation and inflammation |
|
|
COX-1 or COX-2, which does ASA block?
|
Both.
|
|
|
Name two prescription drugs that block only COX-2.
|
Celebrex and Vioxx
|
|
|
By which mechanism do COX-2 inhibitors block COX-2 but not COX-1?
|
The lock and key mechanism.
|
|
|
Merck put Vioxx back on the market at the FDA's recommendation?
|
No.
|
|
|
Vioxx is associated with which major health problem?
|
Heart failure
|
