Module Two

Front 1

What is the definition of a muscle strain?

What causes them? What are the treatment goals?

Back 1

Tearing of muscle tendon unit fibres structural weak point, caused by lack of proper

conditioning, loss of flexibility, poor recovery (acute injuries).

Excess tensile stress & eccentric activity.

Front 2

What is plantarfasciatis? What causes this

condition?

Back 2

Plantarfasciatis is the most common cause of

sore feet, typically occurring more in woman than men due to pregnancy, etc.

Common causes for this condition is excessive

tension on attachment of plantar fascia into the anterior calcaneus. Plantar fascia plays a crucial role in shock absorption, and can be causes from bio-mechanical factors such as pet caves and yes planus.

Front 3

What are two special tests that can be preformed to determine whether plantarfasciatis is likely in a client?

Back 3

Windlass test: dorsiflexion of ankle combines w toe extension.

Homan's sign

Front 4

The ankle (talocrurual region) is where the foot and leg meet. The ankle includes three joints; what are they?

Back 4

1. The ankle joint (Talocrural joint).

2. The subtalar joint.

3. The inferior tibiofibular joint.

Front 5

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion at the talocrural joint & dorsiflexion and eversion fall into what plane?

Back 5

Single plane movement.

Front 6

Pronation and supination fall into what plane?

Back 6

Multi plane movements.

Front 7

Pronation is?

Back 7

Pronation is dorsiflexion, eversion, and

abduction of the foot.

Front 8

Supination is?

Back 8

Plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction.

Front 9

Deltoid ligaments of the medial ankle consist of what ligaments?

Back 9

Posterior tibiotalar, tibicalcaneal, tibionavicular, and anterior tibiotalar ligament.

Front 10

What are the three lateral ligaments?

Back 10

Anterior talofibular ligament (most common lateral sprain).

Calcaneofibular ligament.

Posterior talofibular ligament.

Front 11

What is the spring ligament?

Back 11

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, it stabilizes medial longitudinal arch.

Front 12

Name the three retinaculum?

Back 12

1.Extensor retinaculum (superior and inferior band on anterior ankle).

2.Fibular rentinaculum (lateral ankle, holds down fibularis tendons as they wrap under lateral malleolus).

3.Flexor rentinaculum (medial calcaneus to

medial malleolus, holds flexor tendons and tibial artery and nerve).

Front 13

What is the four compartments of the lower leg?

Back 13

Deep posterior, superficial posterior, lateral, and anterior.

Front 14

What does the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg consist of?

Back 14

Popliteus, tibialis posterior, and flexor digitorum longus.

Front 15

What does the superficial posterior

compartment of the lower leg consist of?

Back 15

Triceps surae, and the plantaris.

Front 16

What does the lateral compartment of the lower

leg consist of?

Back 16

Fibularis longus (peroneus teritus), fibularis

brevis (peroneus brevis).

Front 17

What does the anterior compartment of the

lower leg consist of?

Back 17

Fascial walls, interosseous membrane, tibia, and

fibula. Tibialis anterior, ext. hallicus longus, ext.

digitorum longus, fibularis tertius, deep peroneal nerve, anterior tibial artery and vein.

Front 18

What are the three arches of the foot?

Back 18

1. The medial longitudinal arch.

2. The lateral longitudinal arch.

3. The transverse arch.

Front 19

Describe the medial longitudinal arch.

Back 19

Very tall arch, extremely resilient due to its large number of component bones. Medial tubercle of the calcaneus and the heads of metatarsals 1-3.

Front 20

Describe the lateral longitudinal arch.

Back 20

Flat arch, contains few bones.

Body weight is transmitted to it via talus, the talus is not a part of the arch. Extremities are the lateral tubercle of calcaneus and the heads of metatarsals 4-5.

Front 21

Describe the transverse arch.

Back 21

Not a true arch, best advantage in the region of the cuneiforms. Arch is maintained by the same muscles and ligaments as the longitudinal

arches. With fallen transverse arches, a client will present with a round callus under the 2nd to the 4th MTP joints.

Front 22

Why is lengthening a beneficial massage

technique?

Back 22

Elongates and stretches short muscles.

Front 23

What are some effects of joint play?

Back 23

Allows therapist to assess joint dysfunction.

Increase ROM.

Stretches joint capsule.

Reduces adhesions.

Reduces pain and spasm.

Front 24

Caution of joint play is taken, when?

Back 24

Osteoarthritis (early stage)

Osteoporosis (early stage)

Connective tissue pathologies

Elderly (fragile)

Pregnancy due to hormone relaxin.

Front 25

What are 5 contraindications of joint play?

Back 25

Acute injuries.

Joints that are pinned, screwed, or wired (no movement).

Hypermobility (no need to increase ROM).

Fractures that are acute

Inflammation

Osteoarthritis (later advanced stage)

Osteoporosis (later advanced stage)

Front 26

Absolut contraindications of joint play include;

Back 26

Recent fracture.

Neoplasm (undiagnosed abnormal mass of

tissue).

Acute inflammatory disease

Joint sepsis

Bacterial infection.

Acute pain.

Front 27

What does osteokinematic mean?

Back 27

Osteo: Bone

Kinematic: Movement

Movements of the body part in the anatomical

planes (flexion, extension, abduction, etc.)

Front 28

What does arthrokinematic mean?

Back 28

Arthro: joint

Kinematic: movement

Movement that occurs inside of the joint, roll, spin, or slide.

Front 29

What does spinning mean when involving joint play?

Back 29

The bone moves but the axis remains

stationary. A rotary movement on a fixed

adjacent surface.

Front 30

What does rolling mean when involving joint play?

Back 30

One articular surface rolls on another, new points come into contact throughout motion.

Front 31

What does sliding mean when involving joint play?

Back 31

A linear movement where one articular surface slides onto another.

Front 32

What is resting position when referring to joint play?

Back 32

Where joint surfaces are separated and the joint capsule is relaxed.

Front 33

What is close packed position?

Back 33

The position of a synovial joint when it is under max. tension

Front 34

What is capsular pattern of restriction?

Back 34

A predictable pattern of restriction, usually

occurs where it is not expected, in a synovial joint when conditions such as fibrosis affect the joint capsule.

Front 35

What is the concave- convex rule?

Back 35

When a concave surface moves on a convex

surface, the roll and glide occur in the same direction.

When a convex surface moves on a concave

surface, the roll and glide occur in the opposite direction.

Front 36

How many principles of joint play are there?

Back 36

14

Front 37

What are the principles of joint play?

Back 37

1. The client must be relaxed.

2. The therapist must be relaxed, with full

undivided attention.

3. Mobilize the distal proximal articular surface (if possible).

4. Move into and out of joint play SLOWLY.

5. Do not mobilize when the joint surfaces are fully approximated.

6. Position the joint for efficiency by moving joint to point of restriction.

7. Mobilize one joint.

8. Do not mobilize if patient is experiencing

excessive pain.

9. Assessment with the joint play should be within resting position.

10. Correct stabilization is essential.

11. Do not lever a joint.

12. Use pillows, or rolled up towels.

13. Watch for pain discomfort.

14. ROM improves opposite to direction of joint play ROM.

Front 38

What type of joint is the talocrural?

Back 38

Synovial hinge

Front 39

What are the articulations of the talocrural

joint?

Back 39

Convex on concave.

Front 40

What is the capsular pattern of restriction for

the talocrural joint?

Back 40

Plantar flexion greater than dorsiflexion.

Front 41

What is the closed packed position for the talocrural joint?

Back 41

Full dorsiflexion.

Front 42

What are the three sections of the foot?

Back 42

1. Forefoot: calcaneus, talus

2. Midfoot: cuneiforms

3. Hindfoot: phalanges, metatarsals

Front 43

What are the three bursae of the ankle?

Back 43

1. Retrocalcaneal bursa

2. Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa

3. Subcutaneous bursa of medial malleolus

Front 44

What does an ankle with calcaneal varus look

like from a posterior view?

Back 44

Distal calcaneus deviates medially at subtalar joint (inversion) leading to excess supination.

Front 45

What does an ankle with calcaneal valgus look like from a posterior perspective?

Back 45

Distal calcaneus deviates laterally at subtalar joint (eversion) leading to over pronation.

Front 46

What causes anterior compartment syndrome?

Back 46

ACS is caused by swelling of the compartment that the tibialis anterior muscle lives in.

Front 47

Describe how to preform talar tilt test. What is

it assessing?

Back 47

Assess for: Integrity of calcaneofibular ligament.

Client side lying with affected ankle off the edge of table w the foot in a neutral position. Therapist grasps ankle with thumbs on each side of the malleolus and attempts to move clients foot into eversion. Positive sign is pain and mobility, may indicate a lateral ankle sprain.

Front 48

Describe how to preform Morton's test. What

is it assessing?

Back 48

Assess for: Morton's Neuroma

Client supine, therapist grasps clients good from both sides and applies pressure, squeezing the metatarsals together. Positive sign is sharp shooting pain into the toes, 3&4.

Front 49

Describe dorsiflexion-eversion test. What is it

assessing?

Back 49

Assess for: TTS

Client supine, therapist passively moves ankle into maximum dorsiflexion and eversion while toes are held in hyperextension, hold for 5-10 seconds. Postitive sign is reproduction of

symptoms.

Front 50

What is the purpose of preforming anterior

glide of talus via calcaneal when client prone, supine?

Back 50

PRONE: > PLANTARFLEXION

SUPINE: > PLANTARFLEXION

Front 51

What structure acts as a primary shock

absorber of the foot?

Back 51

Plantar fasciitis.

Front 52

The foot and the ankle meet is known as the

ankle, or ________________?

Back 52

The talocrural region.

Front 53

The tibia and the fibula form whats called the ____________________.

Back 53

Ankle mortise.

Front 54

Name four structures that pass through the tarsal tunnel.

Back 54

TDH Muscles.

Posterior tibial artery and vein.

Front 55

What is tarsal tunnel?

Back 55

Tibial nerve entrapment syndrome, often

mistaken for plantar fasciitis due to alike

symptoms presenting on plantar surface of the foot and medial ankle when pressure applied.

Front 56

Describe Thomspons test.

Back 56

Assess for: Achilles tendon rupture

Patient prone with ankle and foot hanging off table therapist wraps hands around bellies of

gastrocnemius and squeezes thumb and fingers together. Positive sign is lack of plantar flexion.

Front 57

420

Back 57

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