Wjec: Py3 Research Methods

Front 1

Define what is meant by 'hypothesis'.

Back 1

A testable statement, which the experimenter tries to prove or disprove. It must contain variables and be operationalised.

Hint 1

What must it contain?

Front 2

Define what is meant by 'validity'

Back 2

Refers to the accuracy of what the researcher is testing/measuring. Also refers to the accuracy of the findings (IV affecting DV)

Hint 2

Accuracy (2 things)

Front 3

Define what us meant by 'laboratory experiment'.

Back 3

Takes place in controlled, artificial settings. Follows standardised procedures. Manipulation of variables allows for causal relationship.

Hint 3

What kind of environment? What kind of procedures? What can be established?

Front 4

Explain one advantage of a laboratory experiment.

Back 4

Due to high control, a causal relationship can be established. We are more certain that the IV caused the DV.

Hint 4

Control

Front 5

Explain one disadvantage of a laboratory experiment.

Back 5

Takes place under artificial settings, doesn't affect real life settings so the participants may behave differently in these settings.

Hint 5

Ecological validity

Front 6

What is content validity and how could it be assessed?

Back 6

Whether the researcher is measuring what is intended and making sure things are clear with no misunderstanding.

Front 7

One advantage of using random sampling.

Back 7

The target population have an equal chance of selection, uses objective method of selection.

Hint 7

Objective method of selection.

Front 8

What is a confounding variable?

Back 8

A variable which affects the DV which the experimenter cannot control.

Hint 8

Out of control: weather, time, characteristics

Front 9

When is it appropriate to use a Mann Whitney U Test?

Back 9

When there's ordinal data and independent measures are used.

Hint 9

Test of comparison between data from two experimental conditions

Front 10

What does 'lack of informed consent' mean in psychology?

Back 10

When the research fails to inform the participants of the full purpose of the research.

Hint 10

Purpose of the research.

Front 11

What does 'failure to protect from psychological harm' mean in psychology?

Back 11

Researcher failing to protect participants from embarrassment, anxiety or stress.

Front 12

Define what is meant by 'case study'.

Back 12

A detailed description and interpretation of one's behaviour. Uses qualitative methods.

Hint 12

Description/inshight

Front 13

Advantage of a case study

Back 13

Emphasises the uniqueness of the individual, qualitative data gives insight on behaviour

Hint 13

Uniqueness and insight

Front 14

Disadvantage of a case study

Back 14

Qualitative data cannot be generalised, also behaviour can be misinterpreted by researcher (bias)

Hint 14

Generalisation and misinterpretation

Front 15

Advantage of content analysis

Back 15

Identify trends and patterns, it also reduces qualitative data into quantitative one

Hint 15

What does it identify an what can it convert?

Front 16

Define what is meant by 'reliability'.

Back 16

Refers to how consistent the results collected from research are, can also refer to the consistency of the measuring tool (internal reliability)

Hint 16

Results and measuring tools used

Front 17

One issue affecting the validity of interpretation in case study.

Back 17

Lack of scientific method / subjective interpretation

Hint 17

Lacking method/nature of interpretation

Front 18

One issue affecting the validity of retrospective study.

Back 18

The time in which they have to recall / whether they have accurately recalled

Hint 18

Must be contextualised

Front 19

Advantage of qualitative data

Back 19

In-depth information, useful and specific - leading to more research

Hint 19

Specific

Front 20

Disadvantage of qualitative data

Back 20

Lacking objectivity and difficult to analyse, affected by researcher's viewpoint

Hint 20

Analysing

Front 21

What is meant by 'qualitative data'?

Back 21

Non-numerical and descriptive data, providing insight into behaviour

Hint 21

Descriptive and insightful

Front 22

What does 'deception' mean in psychology?

Back 22

When the researcher misleads or withholds any information about the research from the participants.

Hint 22

Information about the research

Front 23

What does 'confidentiality' mean in psychology?

Back 23

Keeping the participant's personal information private and secure.

Hint 23

Things such as names and results from the research.

Front 24

Advantage of using interview in psychological research.

Back 24

They allow for detailed answers, and a large amount of information can be collected.

Hint 24

Qualitative

Front 25

Disadvantage of using interview in psychological research.

Back 25

Can be unreliable and affected by social desirability bias.

Hint 25

Caring what people think and inconsistency

Front 26

Define what is meant by 'open questions'.

Back 26

Questions which allow respondents to answer in any way they wish, and expand on it.

Hint 26

Qualitative

Front 27

Define what is meant by 'closed questions'.

Back 27

Questions where the participant chooses from a set of answers, such as 'yes' or 'no'

Hint 27

Quantitative

Front 28

An advantage on an open question

Back 28

There are fewer constraints on the answers as opposed to closed questions

Hint 28

Allows the interviewee to elaborate

Front 29

Define what is meant by 'quota sampling'.

Back 29

The target population is divided into subgroups, the sample is then chosen in proportion to the target pop

Hint 29

What is the target population divided into?

Front 30

Advantage of quota sampling

Back 30

Representative of the target population if quota is filled and there is less researcher bias

Hint 30

Less of what kind of bias? What happens if the quota is filled?

Front 31

Disadvantage of quota sampling

Back 31

Sample can still be biased and it's not always possible to fill the quota (not enough participants willing to take part)

Hint 31

What happens if it's not possible to fill the quota?

Front 32

What is meant by 'inter-rater reliability'?

Back 32

Having two or more researchers collecting data in a consistent manner

Hint 32

Using a coding system for example

Front 33

Define 'repeated measures'.

Back 33

Using the same participants in two or more conditions in research

Front 34

Advantage of using repeated measures

Back 34

Eliminates individual differences seeing as the same participants are used

Hint 34

What does the use of the same participants allow?

Front 35

Disadvantage of using repeated measures

Back 35

Practice effects such as fatigue and boredom can occur, having to do the same thing more than once

Hint 35

What sort of effects? (boredom, fatigue...)

Front 36

Define 'concurrent validity'.

Back 36

Validating a measurement by comparing it with an established measurement that has known validity.

Hint 36

What is the measurement compared with?

Front 37

Define what is meant by 'opportunity sampling'?

Back 37

Using participants available at the time and place

Front 38

Disdvantage of opportunity sampling

Back 38

Researcher bias, researcher likely to approach those that are helpful, it is also unlikely to be representative of the target population

Hint 38

Unrepresentative and researcher bias

Front 39

Meaning of results being found 'significant at the 5% level'.

Back 39

The probability that the results are down to chance is 5% or less.

Hint 39

Result being down to chance

Front 40

What is meant by 'ratio level data'?

Back 40

Data which has fixed units of measurement throughout the range; has a meaningful zero points

Hint 40

Data such as time and temperature