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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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RENAISSANCE: meaning and early history
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REVIVAL OF LEARNING. Happened in the later phase of the high medieval period in Italy. Helped to strengthen urban pride, per capita income, scholars tried to establish their own identities against scholasticism in France. It was the rebirth of classical theme & humanistic ideas.
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Who was the first Renaissance scholar in Italy?
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Francis Petrarch. Petrarch explained the the ideal human behavior was to lead a simple life and perform meditation.
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What is CIVIC HUMANISM?
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Scholars believed that human life was incomplete without possessing earth and it's different resources. They Humanists made man "the measure of all things".
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What did LORENZO VALLA do?
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Spread the knowledge of grammar, rhetoric and in0depth analysis of Greek and Latin text.
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During what time did the school of Napoleanist, in Italy, spread the thought of Plato and other essential things regarding Christianity?
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1450 - 1600; Niccolo Machiavelli, the greatest political philosopher of the time, was the most famous. Castiglione was another popular philosopher, who defined the perfect Renaissance man.
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What is the PERFECT RENAISSANCE MAN?
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MAN - brave, witty, courteous, well educated. Able to shoot a bow, ride a horse well
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Why did the Italian Renaissance have such a great achievement in the field of art?
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Because of the discovery of the laws of linear perspective and it's application in three dimensions. The artists also mastered the human anatomy experienced the importance of different shades & light & where introduced to oil paints.
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What were the painters of the 15th century called?
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Florentines; The first among them was Masaccio, his art was imitating nature & became the basis of renaissance paintings.
Florentine Sandro Botticelli portrayed both religious & classical themes, the Allegory of Spring & The Birth of Venus are among his works. |
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High Renaissance saw the emergence of the VENETIAN SCHOOL, what 3 artists where the most efficient painters here?
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GIOVANNI BELLINI, GIORGIONE & TITIAN. Their paintings mostly were based upon the joy and life of Venice city.
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second half of the 16th Century was the best for art of the renaissance Italy, Rome became the center of Italian art. Who was a highlight?
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Michelangelo of Florence - Sistine Ceiling.
Italian statues were carved in a free-standing position, the greatest sculptor was Michelangelo - David statue. |
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What did the Renaissance architecture look like?
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It was very eclectic in shape, close to that of the architecture of the medieval and ancient age. The buildings had horizontal linings, had an essence of Neoplatonism.
Neoplatonism: believed in the the fact that perfect proportion of man reflects the universe. |
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When did the decline of renaissance of Italy begin?
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around 1550; Main ause fro declination were the French invasion in 1494, poor performance of Italian politics and counter-reformation.
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What was the WRITING OF ERASMUS?
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Erasmus - The first and most popular who contributed in the field of literature, he was against the Parisian sholasticism. His Literature was literary & doctorinal, full of verbal effects. He combined Latin & Greek, explained his work as the philosophy of Christ.
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Who wrote the literary piece called Utopia?
2 poets during the poetic renaissance? |
Sir Thomas More;
Poets like Pierre de Ronsard & Joachim de Bellay created epics in Petrarch's style during the poetry renaissance. Sir Philip Sidney, in England - another famous poet. |
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What was LOIRE CHATEUX Amboise and Chambord?
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French architecture combining both the Gothic style with the classic horizontals in the construction. French architect Pierre Lescot took inspiration from the Italian work & constructed facades that had classical pillars & pediment.
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Who was DURER?
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A famous painter that learned the style of proportion, perspective and modeling. He learned the Italian style in portraying the human being as nude.
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What was the PROTESTANT REFORMATION?
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(early 1500 through the 1600) - Resulted in civil war in medieval Europe. Martin Luther, believed in repentance & a forgiving God, he was a protestant that started a revolution against the Catholic church. Calvin was known for his GENEVA REFORMS and believed that everyone should struggle throughout their life in the name of God
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What where some differences of the belief's of the CHRISTIAN HUMANIST and the PROTESTANTS?
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CHRISTIAN HUMANISTS: nature of man is good, refinement and acceptance of self.
PROTESTANT: nature of man was polluted, they had convictions and consistency of mind. |
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PROTESTANT REFORMATION resulted in the super power of the sovereign states ... where?
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GERMANY, ENGLAND, DENMARK all adopted Protestantism. The parliament of England declared a break0up with Rome in the 1533 act of RESTRAINT APPEALS.
GERMANY broke into two parts over the reformation, speaking different forms of German. |
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CATHOLIC REFORMATION was reintroduced when?
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1490; it was based upon principles of CHRISTIAN HUMANITY as a reply to the Protestants.
The EARLIER PHASE was unable to face the protestant reformation, the SECOND PHASE had aggressive papa network & persisted in the middle & 2nd half of the 16th century. |
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What changes did the CATHOLIC REFORMATION make to the Catholic church?
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Catholic Europe saw the practice of giving alms, opening orphanages & homes for the poor and needy, emphasized the education of women & preached faith and sacrifice.
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BLACK DEATH ... BUBONIC PLAGUE, when was it and how many died?
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1347-1363: with killed 10-25% of European population, around 25 million people.
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When did the HUNDRED YEARS' WAR start?
What suspended the war? |
1337 - 1437;
1360 - 1369: Peace of Betigny suspends Hundred Years' war |
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THE GREAT SCHISM - (1378-1417) ...?
WHO WAS JOHN WYCLIF? |
Rival popes in Rome and Avignon compete for power
1380: JOHAN WYCLIF translates Bible into English, condemned as a heretic for challenging the orthodox doctrine. |
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Bank of MEDICI in Florence?
1434, what happened the Medici? |
started in 1397;
Medici Florence becomes center of Renaissance |
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Joan of Arc (1429) does what?
When was HAPSBURG GERMAN FREDERICK III made holy Roman Emperor? |
defeats English seige of Orleans.
1452; Hapsburg |
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What finally ended the HUNDRED YEARS' WAR?
What war started in 1455 - 1485? |
in 1453, French victory at Castillon ends the war.
1455; England, WAR OF ROSES begins |
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RENAISSANCE SCIENCE, list inventors and inventions ...
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1. Windmills in Holland (1400)
2. Johannes Gutenberg - movable type (1450), spurs literacy & helps reformation 3. Pliny the Elder (23-79) first publication of Natural History (1469) 4. Leonardo de Vinci (1452 0 1519) parachute, helicopter & the wheel-lock musket 5. Peter Henlein invents pocketwatch (1500) in Germany |
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Famous RENAISSANCE ARTIST & WRITERS?
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1. Francesco Petrach made poet Laureate of Rome (1341) to start Italian Renaissance
2. Giovanni Boccaccio writes poetry "the Decameron" (1358) 3. Geoffrey Chaucer - influence writer during 1387 4. Donatello sculpts his David 5. Boticelli paints the "birth of venus" (1484) 6. Leonardo de Vinci paints the Mona Lisa (1503) 7. Michelangelo complete the Sistine Chapel ceiling (1512) |
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HUMANISM philosophers (3)?
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Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536 "praise of folly") - a skeptic who criticizes arcane religious debate.
Niccolo Machiabelli (1469-1527 "the prince") - presents a calculating politics designed to allow a ruler to capture & keep political power Thomas More (1478-1535) - presenting a vision of a perfect society |
