Western Civ Final Dr. Harris

Front 1

Battle of Tours

Back 1

WHO: Frankish and Burgundian forces vs. Umayyad Caliphate
WHAT: Charles "The Hammer" Martel defeats the forces of Islam keeping Europe Christian
WHEN: October 10, 732
WHERE: France
WHY: Had the Muslim armies won the battle, it may have have led to Islam becoming the predominant religon of Western Europe.

Front 2

Charlemagne

Back 2

WHO: The Franks
WHAT: King of the Franks, expanded Frankish kingdom into a Frankish Empire; incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church.
WHEN: 742 - 814
WHERE: France
WHY: Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages.

Front 3

The Vikings

Back 3

WHO:Norsman, Danes, Swedes
WHAT: Norse farmers who raided Western Europe
WHEN: 800-1100 AD
WHERE: Denamrk, Sweden, Norway, England, France
WHY: Caused Europeans to change how they defend castles and towns.

Front 4

Feuadalism

Back 4

WHO: Charles Martel
WHAT: Societal structure - lords contract vassals to be private army for percantage of the lord's land
WHEN: 8th century
WHY: By the year 1000, all of Europe was under the Feudal system

Front 5

Manorialism

Back 5

WHO: Europeans
WHAT: Economic foundation of the MIddle Ages. Peasants (serfs) farmed the estate of the lords manor.
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: England, France, Germany, Italy
WHY: Manorialism was the system that the majority of the Wuropean population lived under during the Middle Ages

Front 6

Vassal

Back 6

WHO: British, French, Germans, Italians
WHAT: Warriors who are given land in exchange for military service to a lord.
WHEN: 8th century
WHERE: Europe
WHY: The relationship between vassal and lord is the principle tenant of feudalism

Front 7

Fief

Back 7

WHO: vassals
WHAT: Land given to vassals as payments
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: Europe
WHY: The fief acted as the payments for lord to vassal. This is wha tkept the system working.

Front 8

Knight

Back 8

WHO: Vassals
WHAT: lowest form of Vassal, still considered nobility. Trained in mounted combat from a young age
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: Europe, England, France, Italy , Germany
WHY: Essential part of the feudalistic system
WHY:

Front 9

Primogeniture

Back 9

WHO:
WHAT: the right, by law or custom, of the first-born to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings
WHEN: The middle ages
WHERE: Europe
WHY: Enabled royalty to keep hold of power in the their family

Front 10

Homage

Back 10

WHO: Lords and Vassals
WHAT: ceremony that creates feudal contract. 3 parts- 1 oath, 2 invetisture, 3 ritual kiss
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: Europe
WHY: created a mutually beneficial contract between the lord and vassal and was a main tenant of feuadalism

Front 11

Serf

Back 11

WHO:
WHAT: People who worked the lords lands and lived on the manor. Worked in exchange for a portion of crop. Bound to land
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: Europe
WHY: Without serfs the manorial system would not of worked

Front 12

Agricultural Revolution

Back 12

WHO: Lords and serfs
WHAT: New tools (plow, hoe, mattock, horse collar) makes farming easier. 3 field system: 1 Fallow, 2 Spring grain, 3 Winter wheat. insures steady stream of food.
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHY: a major improvement over the Roman two field system. Allowed manorial system to function

Front 13

Three Field System

Back 13

WHO: Serfs
WHAT: Asystem of farming that allowed for the maximum effieient use of the manors farm land. 1 Fallow: nothing planted, animals allowed to graze, fertilize with feces, 2 Spring grain, 3 Winter Wheat.
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: Europe
WHY: allowed for two harvest times and there fore more food to feed the growing population of Europe.

Front 14

Watermills

Back 14

WHO: serfs, millers
WHAT: machines powered by water falls and streams used in the milliing of grains and the making of textiles
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: Europe
WHY: Allowed for faster production of processed foods to feed growing population

Front 15

Guild

Back 15

WHO: merchants, craftsman, artisans
WHAT: groups created to protect thier members, minimize costs, maximize profits, limit competition and control quality
WHEN: 1000 AD
WHERE: Europe
WHY: The guilds were the beginning of self government in towns

Front 16

Roamnesque

Back 16

WHO: Catholic church
WHAT: Style of cathedral. Rounded walls, small windows, not ass tall as Gothic cathedrals
WHEN: 10-12 century
WHERE: Europe
WHY: Before the Gothic style of building came into play, this was the predominant style of cathedral throughout Europe.

Front 17

Gothic

Back 17

WHO: Catholic church
WHAT: style of architecture. made use of pointed arches and ribbed vaulting. Heavy use of stained glass
WHEN: 11-1500
WHERE: Europe
WHY: The cathedrals that use this design are grander than there Romanesque counterparts. They reflected the beliefs of the Medieval Theistic society.

Front 18

The Black Death

Back 18

WHO: Europeans, Asians, North Africans
WHAT: Bubonic, pneomonic and septicemic plague. Passed to humans by fleas. Decimated the European population. Multiple outbreaks, spread East to West form Asia.
WHEN:1348 first hit Europe
WHERE: Europe, Asia, North Africa
WHY: A low point for European history. Still is part of our cultural memory.

Front 19

The Liberal Arts

Back 19

WHO: Medevial students
WHAT: a curriculum of general knoledge
WHEN: 12 century
WHERE: European Universities
WHY: the study of the liberal arts contributed to the intellectual growth of Europe

Front 20

Humanism

Back 20

WHO: Petrarch, Albertini
WHAT: The study of language, literature, rhetoric, history and ethics
WHEN:1400 's
WHERE: Italy
WHY: The humanist curriculum came to be know as "the humanities" is is still called that today.

Front 21

Dante Alighieri

Back 21

WHO: Italian
WHAT: Italian poet author of The Divine Comedy
WHEN:13th century
WHERE: Italy
WHY:His Divine Comedy is still considered on the greatest literary works ever written.

Front 22

Petrarch

Back 22

WHO: Francesco Petrarch
WHAT: an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists
WHEN: 14th century
WHERE: Italy
WHY: considered to be the father of humanism

Front 23

Niccolo Machiavelli

Back 23

WHO: Italian
WHAT: philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science
WHEN: 15th century
WHERE: Italy
WHY: his surname yielded the modern political word Machiavellianism—the use of cunning and deceitful tactics in politics.

Front 24

Leonardo da Vinci

Back 24

WHO: Italian
WHAT: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer.
WHEN: 15th century
WHERE: Italy
WHY: da Vinci was the embodiment of the the Renaissance man

Front 25

Raphael

Back 25

WHO: Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
WHAT: an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance
WHEN: 15th cent
WHERE: Italy
WHY: considered one of the great masters of Renaissance art

Front 26

Michelangelo

Back 26

WHO: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
WHAT: an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer.
WHEN: 15th cent
WHERE: Italy
WHY: One the great masters of the Italian Renaissance