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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 factors affect the volume of smoke produced by fire? |
- how long it’s been burning - how much oxygen is available - the nature of the material alight |
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The IC should always ensure any actions taken complement the primary purposes of incident command, to save life is the first primary purpose, what are the others? |
- to save life - the prevent further injury - to mitigate damage - to mitigate environmental damage - minimise disruption to the community |
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Initial assessment of incident can behind en route, types of info that can be gained are? |
- call slip - mobile data terminal - operational risk database - local knowledge of crews - visual signs - any other radio signals
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When would an incident or sector be declared tactical mode delta? |
When the operation takes place outside of the perceived fire hazard area |
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What are 5 basic principles of tactical ventilation? |
- hot gases should be released from the area at the greatest height possible and fresh air should be allowed to enter at low level. - high level vent should be downwind of low level vent - high level vent should be made before the low level vent - if conditions indicate a sign of backdraft, compartment should be ventilated from outside - outlet vents should be protected by firefighters in BA with charged branches, 45mm minimum - low level vent should be twice the size of high level vent |
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What is defensive ventilation? |
Carried out away from the fire to improve access and escape routes for firefighting and searching conditions, venting adjoining and outer compartments after fire compartment has been isolated and suppressed. |
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What size of hose should be considered the initial weight of attack for all compartment fires? |
45mm |
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A red extinguisher has a 5% cream colour, what is it? |
Foam |
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How can the output of a water relay be improved? |
- larger diameter hose - shorten distance between pumps |
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Where should the bridgehead be set up at a high rise incident? |
At least 2 floors below the fire floor |
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How much foam concentrate can be stored on a Mercedes appliance? |
127 litres, but only 90 litres is stored on appliance |
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When considering life risk, one of the factors that effects the risk/benefit analysis of the IC is the evacuation procedure. List another 6 factors? |
- type of property - time of day - part of building involved - any Fire Survival Guidance calls - likely direction of smoke/fire - occupants |
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What is the neutral plain in a fire compartment? |
The separation between the over pressure and the under pressure |
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Describe a drencher system: |
Some buildings at high risk are protected using a drencher system, which is pipework fitted to the outside of the building that stop fire spread. |
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List 4 actions which should be considered when fighting fire in a sprinkler system building: |
- if extra water is needed it should not be taken from the same main as the sprinkler system - sprinkles should not be turned off to fight the fire - always check the room/area where a sprinkler has actuated to make sure fire is out and not still burning under stored items. - a pump should be set into the inlet if available ready to increase pressure - Consider water damage control - one crew member should be sent to the stop valve |
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Difficulties encountered in high rise buildings? |
- metabolic heat stress - delays in mounting firefighting operations and rescues - communication difficulties - evacuation of occupants - falling debris - wind effects - layout of building - fire growth/smoke travel - antisocial behaviour - fixed installations not in use |
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What floor should main firefighting jet be set up on high rise? |
Floor below fire floor |
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In which sector would bridgehead be set up on a high rise? |
Lobby sector |
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Where should a fire lift be stopped when ascending a building at a high rise incident and what should be done if unsure of fire floor ? |
- minimum of 2 floors below fire - complete and cautious survey using the staircase or proceed by lift to a known safe point and continue on foot |
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In additions to staircase access points, what do basements have to assist delivery and smoke ventilation? |
- pavement and stall board lights - cellar flaps/doors - smoke extracts |
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What is the role of a support team with a second jet at a basement fire? |
Protect exit route in case teams need to withdraw |
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In case of firefighting in basements, a cover team with a jet must be in place before entry is made, for what 3 types of premises should a support team be committed as soon as they are available? |
- high rise - railway arches - large building with high ceilings |
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In case of firefighting in basements, a cover team with a jet must be in place before entry is made, for what 3 types of premises should a support team be committed as soon as they are available? |
- high rise - railway arches - large building with high ceilings |
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What colour is the tabbard worn by the incident commander? |
White |
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In case of firefighting in basements, a cover team with a jet must be in place before entry is made, for what 3 types of premises should a support team be committed as soon as they are available? |
- high rise - railway arches - large building with high ceilings |
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What colour is the tabbard worn by the incident commander? |
White |
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List the 8 signs that a flashover may occur? |
- ventilated fire with adequate oxygen supply - flames visible in the fire gases - combustible material gassing off due to pyrolysis - the neutral plane lowering - increased turbulence of the neutral plane - pyrolysis at floor level of compartment - high temperatures and increased rate of combustion - sudden increase in fire development |
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Define the upper explosive limit? |
The highest concentration of a fuel that will just support a self propagating fire |
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What is the purpose of a short pulse? |
To provide a safe zone cooling the gases in the immediate area a firefighter will enter |
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What is a backdraft? |
A deflagration caused by air being introduced into a fire compartment that is oxygen starved, has limited ventilation and a build up of unburnt fire gases |
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All sprinklers have 3 functions, what are they? |
- to detect the fire - to attack the fire - to give an audible warning |
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Dry rising mains must be installed in buildings over what height? |
18 metres |
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Dry rising mains must be installed in buildings over what height? |
18 metres |
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List 5 tactics employed by firefighters at a basement fire? |
- staying low to avoid unnecessary heat - use appropriate pulsing techniques to control and cool fire - warn other crews when starting to fight fire - if possible get below heat barrier before applying water - charged 45mm minimum weight of attack |
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Dry rising mains must be installed in buildings over what height? |
18 metres |
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List 5 tactics employed by firefighters at a basement fire? |
- staying low to avoid unnecessary heat - use appropriate pulsing techniques to control and cool fire - warn other crews when starting to fight fire - if possible get below heat barrier before applying water - charged 45mm minimum weight of attack |
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What is offensive ventilation? |
Carried out directly to affect the fire itself, to limit fire spread and improve conditions within the fire compartment. Makes approach route safer for firefighters |
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What is the minimum pressure required on a second set for an emergency team? |
240 bar |
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What class fires are water extinguishers used for? |
Class A |
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What class fires are water extinguishers used for? |
Class A |
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List 3 factors affecting distance in water relay? |
- flow required - diameter of hose between pumps - contours of relay route |
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What 4 factors affect effectiveness of foam? |
- concentrate in good condition - correct mixture of concentrate used - equipment in good working order - correct pump pressure |
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Where should ba tally from the second set be placed? |
In the ECB, bracketed wit the emergency team |
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Where should ba tally from the second set be placed? |
In the ECB, bracketed wit the emergency team |
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How is the initial command pump identified at an incident and what items should the appliance commanders hand in at the ICP? |
- identified by blue flashing lights - hand in nominal roll boards |
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List four actions of firefighters if signs of fire gas explosion are present? |
- communicate hazard to other firefighters, ECO, IC or sector commander - Consider withdrawing from building - ventilate Gases from adjacent compartments - cool and dilute fire gases that have leaked from the fire compartment |
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What is the purpose of a long pulse? |
To extinguish flaming combustion in the gas layer and allow firefighters to advance through the compartment |
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What is the purpose of a long pulse? |
To extinguish flaming combustion in the gas layer and allow firefighters to advance through the compartment |
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What are 4 effects of direct fire extinguishing method? |
- extinguishes fire - potential for excessive water damage - air can be entrained into the compartment and fire, intensifying the reaction when applied - has potential to lower neutral plane and worse conditions for firefighters and casualties in compartments with limited ventilation |
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What is the purpose of a long pulse? |
To extinguish flaming combustion in the gas layer and allow firefighters to advance through the compartment |
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What are 4 effects of direct fire extinguishing method? |
- extinguishes fire - potential for excessive water damage - air can be entrained into the compartment and fire, intensifying the reaction when applied - has potential to lower neutral plane and worse conditions for firefighters and casualties in compartments with limited ventilation |
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What effect with the operation of a fire switch have on a fire lift? |
- bring lift to ground floor - disable call buttons - allow firefighters to send lift to designated floors |
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What is the purpose of a long pulse? |
To extinguish flaming combustion in the gas layer and allow firefighters to advance through the compartment |
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What are 4 effects of direct fire extinguishing method? |
- extinguishes fire - potential for excessive water damage - air can be entrained into the compartment and fire, intensifying the reaction when applied - has potential to lower neutral plane and worse conditions for firefighters and casualties in compartments with limited ventilation |
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What effect with the operation of a fire switch have on a fire lift? |
- bring lift to ground floor - disable call buttons - allow firefighters to send lift to designated floors |
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When should 6% low ex foam be used? |
Fires involving polar solvents |
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If the same material is alright, which will be a taller flame, centre or corner of a room? |
Corner |
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Wet riser mains are found in all buildings over what height? |
60metres 50 from 2006 |
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When you are sent to the sprinkler main stop valve, you should do one of two things? |
- check valve is not closed and turn on on orders of IC - if it is closed, open on orders of IC |
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To what pressure should dry rising main be charged? |
10 bar |
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How much water is in a fully charged water extinguisher? |
9 litres |
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In a closed water relay, using light portable pumps the intermediate pump operator should adjust the throttle on the compound gauge to maintain what reading? |
Just above zero bar |
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In a closed water relay, using light portable pumps the intermediate pump operator should adjust the throttle on the compound gauge to maintain what reading? |
Just above zero bar |
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What are the two types of water relay, and what type of pump would you use in each type? |
- open circuit; fire appliance pump used - closed circuit; light portable pump is used |
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In a closed water relay, using light portable pumps the intermediate pump operator should adjust the throttle on the compound gauge to maintain what reading? |
Just above zero bar |
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What are the two types of water relay, and what type of pump would you use in each type? |
- open circuit; fire appliance pump used - closed circuit; light portable pump is used |
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Which 3 types of fire extinguisher are carried on the Lfb front line appliance? |
- water - foam - dry powder |
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In a closed water relay, using light portable pumps the intermediate pump operator should adjust the throttle on the compound gauge to maintain what reading? |
Just above zero bar |
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What are the two types of water relay, and what type of pump would you use in each type? |
- open circuit; fire appliance pump used - closed circuit; light portable pump is used |
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Which 3 types of fire extinguisher are carried on the Lfb front line appliance? |
- water - foam - dry powder |
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When using an rb101 or delta branch to produce foam, what pressure should the branch operate at and what should be the flow setting? |
- 400lpm - 6 bar |
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List 5 ways in which foam extinguishes a class B fire? |
D - diluting the surrounding air with water vapour created as it evaporates I - isolating fuel from the oxygen in the air F - forming a sealing blanket over the surface of the flammable material, preventing vapour escaping I - intercepting radiant heat from flames preventing it from reaching the surface of fuel and causing further production of vapours C - cooling the fuel |
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The number of jets, flow settings selected and size of hose used to extinguish the fire is known as the ..... |
Weight of attack |
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In what three ways does tactical mode procedure support and enhance the incident command risk management? |
- Sharing the outcome of the IC’s ORA with staff involved with the incident - Ensure that fire service operations being carried out by a crew or sector, do no have adverse effects on the safety or effectiveness of other firefighters - Recording the outcome of the IC’s ORA |
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List the command pump operators responsibilities: |
- Notify control of the call sign of the ICP - Maintain radio contact with the IC and transmitting information to and from control - Collect nominal roll boards and switch off blue lights - Place nominal roll boards in ICW - Enter preliminary details on the incident command board - Receive nominal roll boards from oncoming appliance/officers and notify IC of crews and officers available at ICP - Notify oncoming officers and crews of IC’s requirements - Continue functioning as ICP until relieved by CU |
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What actions should be taken if signs of backdraft are present? |
- Hazard should be communicated with firefighters, ECO and IC - Consider Ventilating compartment prior to entry, this can only be done on orders of IC - Use TIC to assess temperatures within compartment - Always use correct door procedure when making an opening. Minimum 45mm jet and support team with covering jet - Pulse spray the interior to cool and dilute fire gasses |
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What actions should be taken if signs of backdraft are present? |
- Hazard should be communicated with firefighters, ECO and IC - Consider Ventilating compartment prior to entry, this can only be done on orders of IC - Use TIC to assess temperatures within compartment - Always use correct door procedure when making an opening. Minimum 45mm jet and support team with covering jet - Pulse spray the interior to cool and dilute fire gasses |
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What are the three functions of an Automatic Fire Alarm? |
- Detect a fire - Give an alarm and indicate the whereabouts of the fire - Give an alarm to a remote centre |
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How would self-ventilation occur at a fire? |
Self Ventilation occurs when the fire damages the structure of the premises, so that increased ventilation occurs; ie when a roof collapses or window breaks |
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List 8 hazards associated with firefighting in basements: |
- Ventilation is difficult to achieve - Heat barrier - Difficult access and egress - Confined work space and high fire load - Absence of reference points - Communication difficulties - The presence of building utilities and services - Difficulty in determining the location of the seat of the fire and extent of fire spread |
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List 5 advantages of using dry riser main? |
- Reduces the amount of hose - Reduces the friction loss in the delivery supply - Less equipment needed - Staircase is left clear of hose - Reduces the effort required and the time taken to supply water for firefighting |
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Describe the heat barrier at a basement incident : |
- the temperature at a basement fire can rise to a higher level that would normally be encountered because of the lack of ventilation - The entrance to a basement always gets much hotter than the basement floor - As the smoke and fire gases are hotter than the surrounding air, they will rise, making the staircase and entrance to the basement act like a chimney or flue |
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Define a ‘special service’ |
Any occurrence dealt with by the brigade that does not involve fire or the suspicion of fire |
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Define a ‘special service’ |
Any occurrence dealt with by the brigade that does not involve fire or the suspicion of fire |
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Describe a phased evacuation of a high rise building : |
Where the building is evacuated in stages, usually starting with the fire floor and one floor above |
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List 6 advantage of tactical ventilation: |
- improves visibility - Reduces fire spread and property damage - increases the safety of firefighters by reducing the risk of backdraft, flashover and fire gas ignition - assist the escape of occupants and firefighters by restricting the spread of smoke - speed up rescue operations and fire attack by reducing heat and smoke |
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List 6 advantage of tactical ventilation: |
- improves visibility - Reduces fire spread and property damage - increases the safety of firefighters by reducing the risk of backdraft, flashover and fire gas ignition - assist the escape of occupants and firefighters by restricting the spread of smoke - speed up rescue operations and fire attack by reducing heat and smoke |
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List 10 items that should be taken to the bridgehead in a high rise incident: |
- 45mm hose - 2 branches - 2 BA sets - Access keys and codes - breaking in gear - IEC pack - communications - ECB - Floor plans if available - TIC |
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What should firefighters do to mitigate the hazard of falling objects? |
- Full PPE must be worn - Cordons should be placed at the base of the building at the earliest opportunity - Staff and appliances should be kept at a safe distance |
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What should firefighters do to mitigate the hazard of falling objects? |
- Full PPE must be worn - Cordons should be placed at the base of the building at the earliest opportunity - Staff and appliances should be kept at a safe distance |
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What 2 types of extinguishers can be used to extinguish electrical fires? |
- Dry Powder - Carbon Dioxide |
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List 10 examples of special services: |
- A person threatening to jump from a high or dangerous place - A person trapped in a lift - Incidents involving chemical spillage or accident - A person in difficulty on, in, or near water - Persons trapped in machinery - Making structures safe - Road traffic collisions - A person locked out of a building - A person locked in a building - Animals trapped in various places |
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List 10 examples of special services: |
- A person threatening to jump from a high or dangerous place - A person trapped in a lift - Incidents involving chemical spillage or accident - A person in difficulty on, in, or near water - Persons trapped in machinery - Making structures safe - Road traffic collisions - A person locked out of a building - A person locked in a building - Animals trapped in various places |
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List 5 sources of information which can help locate the fire in the building from outside, before committing teams inside: |
- Signs of fire - listen for crackling - odours - gathering information from owner and witnesses - hot doors and walls |
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List 10 examples of special services: |
- A person threatening to jump from a high or dangerous place - A person trapped in a lift - Incidents involving chemical spillage or accident - A person in difficulty on, in, or near water - Persons trapped in machinery - Making structures safe - Road traffic collisions - A person locked out of a building - A person locked in a building - Animals trapped in various places |
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List 5 sources of information which can help locate the fire in the building from outside, before committing teams inside: |
- Signs of fire - listen for crackling - odours - gathering information from owner and witnesses - hot doors and walls |
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List four types of building contents and storage that can cause problems for firefighters: |
- hazardous goods - good which become hazardous when involved in fire - storage of goods stacked high - priceless and valuable property such as artwork and jewellery may have to be salvaged instead of saving the building |
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What must the emergency team leader do immediately after they have found the team requiring assistance? |
- Inform ECO stating they have located the team requiring assistance, giving their location and what they plan to do. - Identify which BA team member requires assistance |
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Define ‘incident command’ |
A system to promote the safe and effective resolution of events through the deliberate allocation and direction of resources |
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List 8 signs that a flashover may occur: |
- A ventilated fire with an adequate oxygen supply - Flames visible in the fire gases - High temperatures and an increasing rate of combustion - Neutral plane moving down - Sudden increase in fire development - Pyrolysis at floor level in compartment - Increased turbulence of the neutral plane |
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What is the definition of a high rise building? |
A building that contains floors at a heigh where external firefighting and rescue operations may not be feasible |
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Where should IC remain at a high rise incident? |
Ground floor level to maintain command function |
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Define ‘combustion’ |
An irreversible chemical reaction producing heat and light |
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Define ‘combustion’ |
An irreversible chemical reaction producing heat and light |
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Define ‘pyrolysis’ |
The chemical decomposition of a substance through heat |
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What are the three ways in which heat spread? |
Convection - movement of hot less dense gases to cooler denser surroundings Conduction - transfer of heat through a solid material Radiation - transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves |
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What is the maximum operating temperature of a TIC? |
450 degrees |
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What are the conditions that cause fire gases to accumulate outside of a fire compartment and why? |
- leakage of fire gases from the compartment through voids - hear conducted through the compartment boundary causing pyrolysis in an adjacent room not affected by the fire - construction of the building producing fire gases outside of the compartment; eg sandwich panels |
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What is the purpose of a long pulse? |
To cool and dilute flammable combustion and provide firefighters with safe point to advance |
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Describe a drencher? |
Some buildings of high risk are protected from fires in neighbouring buildings by drencher systems. Pipe work is fitted to outside of building with drencher heads covering roofs, walls and windows |
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What are the 10 things that should be taken to a bridge head at a high rise incident? |
Sufficient 45mm hose 2 branches ECB 2 BA sets IEC pack Long line Breaking in gear TIC Access key/codes Floor plans of available |
