Week 4: Blood Glucose Homeostasis

Front 1

types of intercellular communication

Back 1

-direct

-indirect

Front 2

gap junctions

Back 2

example of direct intercellular communication

Front 3

ex: indirect intercellular communication (5)

Back 3

-autocrines

-paracrines

-hormones

-neurotransmitters

-neurohormones

Front 4

norepinephrine

Back 4

acts as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone

Front 5

beta cells

Back 5

pancreatic cells that synthesize and secrete insulin

Front 6

60%

Back 6

percentage of beta cells in the pancreas

Front 7

alpha cells

Back 7

pancreatic cells that synthesize and secrete glucagon

Front 8

25%

Back 8

percentage of alpha cells in the pancreas

Front 9

peptides

Back 9

classification of glucagon and insulin

Front 10

fasted (postabsorptive)

Back 10

state that triggers the release of glucagon

Front 11

skeletal muscle

Back 11

part of the body that glucagon does not affect at all

Front 12

adipose tissue

Back 12

where glucagon stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides

Front 13

liver

Back 13

-where fatty acids and glycerol become ketones so they can act as fuel in the fasted state

-gluconeogenesis (glucose--->glucose-6-phophate)

-proteins are converted to amino acids

Front 14

main role of insulin

Back 14

stores excess energy from the macromolecules

Front 15

how the liver processes glucose in response to insulin

Back 15

-promotes the uptake of glucose from bloodstream

-promotes conversion of glucose--->glycogen; & acetyl CoA-->triacylglycerides--->VLDL)

-promotes uptake of amino acids (protein synth)

Front 16

how the liver processes amino acids in response to insulin

Back 16

this organ converts these to proteins (proteogenesis)

Front 17

fat absorption/storage

Back 17

-insulin alters this by promoting the storage of fats within the skeletal muscle (as fatty acids)

-promotes synthesis of triacylglycerol into fat

Front 18

tyrosine kinase

Back 18

-enzyme that is activated by autophosphorylation

-insulin binds to the alpha subunits connected to it

-located in the cell membrane of a cell within the liver

Front 19

(5) stimulated by tyrosine kinase

Back 19

-growth and gene expression

-glycogen synthesis

-fat synthesis

-protein synthesis

-glucose transporters

Front 20

glute 2

Back 20

type of glucose transporters found in the liver

Front 21

glute 4

Back 21

type of glucose transporters found in the skeletal muscle

Front 22

glucose in the liver

Back 22

(____ in this _____(organ))

-stored as glycogen

-converted to fats---->VLDL's--->adipose tissue

Front 23

inhibited by insulin

Back 23

- glycogen-->glucose

-protein degradation

-TAG-->fatty acids (stimulates hormone sensitive lipase for this )

Front 24

promoted by insulin

Back 24

-glucose-->glucose-6-phosphate--> glycogen (stimulates hexokinase & glycogen synthase for these)

-glucose--->acetyl CoA-->triacylglycerol

-ribosome activity

-expression of glucose transporters in the liver

Front 25

type 1 diabetes (IDDM)

Back 25

condition where glucose and receptors are present, but no insulin for some reason (pancreatic)

Front 26

type II diabetes (NIDDM)

Back 26

condition where insulin is present to be used, but receptors are desensitized

Front 27

blood glucose

Back 27

-needs to be controlled because we need energy to function

-if this is too high is could cause damage to the body

Front 28

4g

Back 28

grams of blood glucose in a healthy humans bloodstream

Front 29

almost 1

Back 29

amount of teaspoons of glucose that would be found in a healthy human's bloodstream

Front 30

glycated hemoglobin

Back 30

glucose bound to a hemoglobin

Front 31

hemoglobin A1C

Back 31

other name for glycated hemoglobin

Front 32

hemoglobin A1C test

Back 32

measures % of hemoglobin that is hemoglobin A1C

Front 33

4-6%

Back 33

% of A1c that is considered normal

Front 34

high A1C

Back 34

indicates that one's blood sugar is higher than that of a normal person

Front 35

120 days

Back 35

lifespan of an RBC

Front 36

purpose of this weeks lab

Back 36

-study the effects of oral glucose intake on blood glucose

-role of dietary choices on mean blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon responses

-trends in resting blood glucose, A1C levels, insulin production, & target cell sensitivity that may lead to NIDDM

Front 37

glucose tolerance materials

Back 37

-glucometer w/reaction strips

-human blood!

Front 38

glucose tolerance procedure

Back 38

measures participants blood glucose before they ingest sugar and 30 minutes after they ingest sugar

Front 39

dietary regulation

Back 39

this exercise is to show us the ____ _____ of glucose varies with different food sources

Front 40

starch

Back 40

type of food that spikes glood glucose the most (between starch, sucrose, and ingested meat protein)

Front 41

insulin

Back 41

plasma concentration that spikes the most after a meal (between insulin, glucagon, and glucose)

Front 42

glucagon

Back 42

plasma concentration that spikes the least after a meal (between insulin, glucagon, and glucose)

Front 43

cause of NIDDM

Back 43

-more common incertain ethnic groups

-primarily from american diet and lack of exercise

Front 44

meal cards

Back 44

we draw a certain number of these to calculate and then predict what that food would go to our blood glucose levels

Front 45

progression of NIDDM

Back 45

-A1C measurements

-insulin production

-insulin sensitivity

-resting blood glucose

these 4 graphs arranged over a 15 year period represent what?

Front 46

more glucose monomers

Back 46

the reason why starch spikes glucose after breaking down , (more than sucrose or protein)

Front 47

protein digestion

Back 47

reason why protein ingestion take much longer to spike blood glucose levels

-____ ______ = amino acids (more gradual process to yield glucose)

Front 48

insulin increases

Back 48

in response to increased glucose concentration.....

Front 49

60-100 mg/dl

Back 49

normal blood glucose range

Front 50

100-125 mg/dl

Back 50

pre-diabetic high blood glucose

Front 51

above 125 mg/dl

Back 51

diabetic blood glucose

Front 52

glucagon

Back 52

prevents glucose concentrations from dipping below normal levels

Front 53

decrease in target cell sensitivity

Back 53

paired with decrease in insulin receptors

Front 54

high glucose levels

Back 54

prompts the insulin receptors to decrease insensitivity

Front 55

positive feedback

Back 55

the glucose keeps increasing, causing the insulin levels to increase as well, resulting in a decreased sensitivity in target cells (whats this an example of?)