Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Natural and automatic rft |
reinforcers follow spontaneously from a behaviour |
|
|
Contrived reinforcers |
RFT that are provided by ‘other’ in order to modify behaviour |
|
|
Avoidance |
A type of negative reinforcement in which performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place. |
|
|
Two-Factor Theory: |
Both Classical and Operant conditioning are required for avoidance responses to occur Classical Fear (UR) becomes paired with CS (e.g., light or tone) Operant response is reinforced by avoiding aversive event (i.e., escape from fearful situation) |
|
|
One-Factor Theory: |
Avoidance on an aversive stimulus can in itself serve as a reinforcer; classical conditioning not necessary |
|
|
Learned Helplessness |
The impaired ability to learn an avoidance response that occurs after a subject has been exposed to inescapable aversive stimuli. |
|
|
CONCURRENT SCHEDULES |
Two (or more) alternatives are presented Responses on each alternative rft (depending on schedule in play) Can respond on either alternative – but only one at a time Independent vs. dependent scheduling |
|
|
The Matching Law |
The ratio of responses made on each alternative tends to be equal to the ratio of reinforcers available on each alternative |
|
|
Undermatching |
Most common deviation in strict matching
|
|
|
Overmatching |
Proportion of behaviour more extreme than rft proportion |
|
|
Bias |
Amount of behaviour to one alternative is consistently higher regardless of schedule |
|
|
primary reinforcers |
Things that reduce drives have been termed This leads to the idea of reinforcers being trans-situational |
|
|
the Law of Effect: |
A reinforcer is a stimulus that increases the likelihood of the future occurrence of the behaviour upon which it is contingent. |
|
|
They signal (provide feedback) that a response has been made
2. They can signal that a reinforcer or punisher is going to occur
|
How secondary reinforcement works |
|
|
Flooding or Response Blocking
Delivery of consequence regardless of behaviour
|
Since avoidance responding is maintained by the continuing absence of an aversive consequence how can we eliminate such behaviour? |
|
|
Chain |
connected sequence of behaviour |
