Week 1 Lab Study Guide

Front 1

What are the 4 major functions of the vertebral column?

Back 1

Front 2

Sacroiliac Joint

Back 2

Part 1) Auricular surfaces of the Sacrum and the Ilium is a Plane Synovial

Part 2) At the posterior part where 2 tuberosities meet there is a syndesmosis (fibrous joint)

Front 3

What are the five different regions of the vertebrae? How many vertebrae are in each region?

Back 3

Blue - cervical
Orange - thoracic
Green - lumbar
Purple - sacrum
Yellow - coccyx

Front 4

Name the one Saddle Joint in the Thoracic Wall

Back 4

Sternoclavicular

Front 5

Back 5

Region A : Vertebral / Neural Arch
Region B: Body
Teal Area: Vertebral Foramen

Front 6

What is unique about C7 and any Vertebrae that are in a transitional portion of the vertebral column?

Back 6

C7 is also called the vertebral prominence. As with any vertebra that lay in a transitional area, it has features of the vertebrae above and below it.

Its spinal process is not bifid and is larger than other cervical vertebrae. However, it still has a big vertebral foramina and transverse foramina.

Front 7

Name the 2 Secondary Cartilaginous Joints in the Thoracic Wall

Back 7

Manubriosternal
Intervetebral

Front 8

Back 8

A: Spinal Cord
B: Meninges
C: Epidural Fat
D: Vertebral (Neural) Canal

Front 9

Name the 3 Primary Cartilaginous in the Thoracic Wall

Back 9

1st Sternocostal
Costochondral
Xiphisternal

Front 10

Back 10

A: spinous process
B: lamina
C: pars articularis and then the articular process
D: transverse process
E: pedicle
F: body

Front 11

Name the 4 Plane Joints in the Thoracic Wall

Back 11

Sternocostal 2-7
Costoveterbral
Costotransverse
Interchondral 6 & 7, 7 & 8, 8 & 9 (9 &10 are fibrous)

Front 12

Name the parts as they relate to this type of vertebrae and type of vertebra.

Back 12

A: small body
B: short transverse process
C: articular facets
D: uncinate process
E: short bifid spinous process
F: transverse formaina

This is a cervical vertebra.

Front 13

Name the 2 Condylar Joints in the Hand

Back 13

Radiocarpal
Metacarpophlangeal

Front 14

Label the parts as they relate to this type of vertebrae. What type of vertebra is shown here?

Back 14

A: heart shaped body
B: articular facets oriented in the coronal plane
C: costal (demi) facets for articulation with the head and tubercles of ribs.
D: long, obliquely oriented spinous process.

This is a thoracic vertebra.

Front 15

Name the 2 Hinge Joints in the hand.

Back 15

Proximal interphalangeal joint 2-5
Distal interphlangeal 2-5

Front 16

Label the parts as they relate to this type of vertebra. What type of vertebra is show here?

Back 16

A: large kidney bean shaped body
B: mamillary process on articular process
C: saggitally oriented articular process
D: long transverse process
E: short, broad spinous process

This is a lumbar vertebra.

Front 17

Name the 3 Plane Joints in the hand

Back 17

Carpometacarpal 2-5 (plane gliding)
Intercarpal Jt: 2-5
Intermetacarpal 2-5

Front 18

What is the purpose of the lamina and pedicle?

Back 18

Protect spinal cord.

Front 19

Name the Saddle Joint in the hand

Back 19

Carpometacarpal D1

Front 20

What is the purpose of a process on a vertebra?

Back 20

Muscle attachment and movement.

Front 21

Why are the vertebral foramina so large in the cervical vertebra?

Back 21

The spinal cord is large here.

Front 22

What is the purpose of the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebra?

Back 22

Transmission of vessels.

Front 23

How are the articular facets arranged on the cervical vertebra? How does this affect movement?

Back 23

Oriented slightly oblique to the transverse plane giving this region of the spine the greatest mobility.

Front 24

What types of movement do the articular facets of the thoracic vertebra allow?

Back 24

Permit mainly lateral bending and rotation. Minimal flexion and extension.

Front 25

What types of movement do the articular facets of the lumbar vertebra allow?

Back 25

Permit flexion, extension and lateral bending. Minimal rotation.

Front 26

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae Slide

Back 26

Answers

Front 27

What is the function of the mamillary process? Where are these processes found?

Back 27

Muscle attachment, found on the articular process of most lumbar vertebra.

Front 28

What are 3 features and 2 pathologies of the Atlanto-Occipital Joint?

Back 28

FEATURES

1) It is the "Yes Joint".
2) It is a Synovial joint*.
3) Very strong joint to hold head.

PATHOLOGY

1) Jefferson Fracture - blows to the top of the head can fracture the anterior and posterior arches of the Atlas

2) Hoop Fracture - with enough force the foramen magnum can fracture.

Hint 28

Synovial Joint is enclosed with a fibrous joint capsule, which surrounds the articular surfaces and forms a closed articular cavity. The cavity is lined with synovial membrane which secretes lubricating synovial fluid.
The articular surface are covered with distortable (hyaline ) cartilage laid over a thin layer of subchondral bone.

Front 29

What degenerative pathology is seen on the lumbar spine? Why?

Back 29

Front 30

C2 Atypical Cervical Joint

Back 30

Answers

Front 31

Label the parts.

Back 31

A: anterior sacral foramina
B: ala
C: promontory
D: median sacral crest
E: lateral sacral crest
F: posterior sacral foramina

Front 32

Label the figure.

Back 32

A: base of sacrum
B: promontory
C: auricular surface
D: pelvic surface
E:lateral sacral crest
F: coccyx
G:anterior longitudinal ligament

Front 33

Name the 3 Atlantoaxial Joints and there types of joints.

Back 33

Answers

Front 34

The sacrum participates in _______ joints critical to ______ ______ ______ ______.

Back 34

three, weight transfer during locomotion.

Front 35

The Atlantoaxial Joints are also called the _________ joints.

Back 35

The NO joint.*

Front 36

Name the primary curvatures of the spine.

Back 36

Thoracic kyphosis & Sacral kyphosis

Front 37

Name the secondary (acquired) curvatures of the spine. Why are the secondary cuvatrues formed?

Back 37

Cervical lordosis & Lumbar lordosis. The secondary curvatures feature ventral convexity developed for walking.

Front 38

What is the curvature of the spine called in a fetus?

Back 38

Kyphotic curvature.

Front 39

Back 39

A: lourdosis or "swayback"

B: Kyphosis

Front 40

Back 40

scoliosis. Remember that you would only examine for scoliosis when the patient is in flexion.

Front 41

Back 41

A: inferior articular process
B: superior articular process
C: inferior vertebral noch
D: superior vertebral noch
E: intervertebral disc
F: zygapophysial joint
G: intervertebral foramen

Front 42

Describe the properties of the facet (z) joints along with the range of motion it provides.

Back 42

Joints form between superior and inferior articular processes. They are plane synovial joints. Each defines the normal range of free gliding motion (diarthroses) between adjacent vertebrae.

Front 43

Describe the properties of the intervertebral foramina and what purpose it serves.

Back 43

Foramina exist between subadjacent pedicles and transmit spinal nerves from the vertebral canal to the body wall and extremities.

Front 44

Describe the properties of the intervertebral discs and the purpose they serve.

Back 44

Discs exist between the bodies of sub adjacent vertebrae and contribute to symphyseal joints which provide a mechanism for shock absorption and load-bearing between vertebrae.

Front 45

Describe three characteristics of intervertebral foramina.

Back 45

1. Bounded by the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae superiorly and inferiorly.
2. Are variably bounded by bodies and discs anteriorly.
3. Area bounded by facet joints posteriorly.

Front 46

What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?

Back 46

Transmit short, mixed spinal nerves (sensory/motor OR efferent/afferent) which immediately upon exiting the foramen divide into rami.

Front 47

Back 47

A: ventral rami
B: dorsal rami

Front 48

Back 48

A: cutaneous
B: dorsal rami

Front 49

Back 49

A: anulus fibrosus
B: nucleus pulposus
C: hyaline cartilage

Front 50

Back 50

A: anulus fibrosis

B: nucleus pulposis

Front 51

As part of an intervertebral disc describe the annulus fibrosis.

Back 51

A peripheral portion composed of concentrically arranged rings of fibrocartilage. Thinnest posteriorly.

Front 52

As part of an intervertebral disc describe the nucleus pulposus.

Back 52

An inner semi-gelatinous (70-80% water region). Eccentrically placed so it sits closer to the posterior portion of the disc.

Front 53

Back 53

A: outer zone of anulus fibrosus
B: inner zone of anulus fibrosus
C: nucleus pulposus
D: anulus fibrosus

Front 54

Back 54

A: absorb shock
B: permit transient compression
C: allow fluid displacement
D: distributed evenly over the entire superior surface of the subjacent vertebral body.
E: undue concentration of the load.

Front 55

Back 55

A: anulus fibrosus
B: nucleus pulposus
C: sclerotic endplates
D: spondylophytes
E: vertebral body
F: bridging spondylophytes

Front 56

Intervertebral discs are vulnerable to degenerative change with age because . . .

Back 56

they are becoming less vascular and more brittle with age.

Front 57

What is a herniated IV disc?

Back 57

It involves the protrusion of the nucleus through a posterolateral bulge or tear in the annulus, resulting in the compression of spinal nerve roots.

Front 58

Back 58

A: nucleus pulposus
B: herniation of nucleus pulpous
C: compressed spinal never root
D: cauda equina
E: defect in anulus fibrosus
F: anulus fibrosus

Front 59

What is radiculopathy?

Back 59

A condition due to a compressed nerve in the spine that can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness along the course of the nerve.

Front 60

Back 60

1: anterior longitudinal ligament
2: posterior longitudinal ligament
3: ligamentum flavum
4: interspinous ligament
5: supraspinous ligament

Front 61

Identify and describe this ligament

Back 61

This is the anterior longitudinal ligament. It covers the anterior and lateral parts of the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs. Extends superiorly to the base of the skull.

Front 62

Back 62

A: fracture dislocation of vertebrae
B: anterior longitudinal ligament

Front 63

Describe the function of ligaments.

Back 63

Ligaments act passively, preventing movement and limiting extension.

Front 64

Identify and describe the ligament shown here.

Back 64

This is the posterior longitudinal ligament. It covers the posterior parts of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. It is narrower and weaker than the anterior longitudinal ligament. Most herniation occur off center because of this ligament. This ligament also aids in balance and limits flexion.

Front 65

Back 65

This is the ligament up flavum. It extends between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. Elastic and yellow. Limits flexion and helps maintain normal vertebral curvatures.

Front 66

Identify and describe the ligaments shown here.

Back 66

A: interspinous ligament - limits separation of the posterior vertebral bodies as in flexion.
B: supraspinous ligament - limits separation of the spinous processes as in flexion.

Front 67

Identify and describe the ligament shown here.

Back 67

This is the ligamentum nuchae. It replaces the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments in the cervical region. Runs from the external occipital protuberance of the skull to the spinous process of the vertebra prominent (C7).

Front 68

Name the portions of the scapula.

Back 68

Front 69

What is the importance of the sacrococcygeal joint during childbirth?

Back 69

DK

Front 70

What is Spondylolisthesis?

Back 70

forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower segment, usually of the fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra due to a developmental defect in the pars interarticularis

Front 71

What movements occur in the coronal plane?

Back 71

lateral flexion/bending

Front 72

What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

Back 72

extension and flexion

Front 73

What is Spondylolysis?

Back 73

Spondylolysis is a word that is used to describe a condition where there is a defect in a specific region of the spinal column. This region of the spinal column, called the pars interarticularis, connects adjacent vertebrae in the spine.
Spondylolysis can be asymptomatic, or it can be quite painful. When the condition is bilateral (occurs on both sides of the spine) it can cause a condition called spondylolisthesis.

Spondylolysis is the most common cause of spondylolisthesis

Front 74

What is coccydynia?

Back 74

a medical term meaning pain in the coccyx or tailbone area, usually brought on by sitting too abruptly.

Front 75

Synovial joints are richly innervated with ____ that transmit ____ and ___.

Back 75

sensory never endings, pain. proprioception

Front 76

What movement occurs around a vertical axis?

Back 76

extension

Front 77

Define proprioception

Back 77

Awareness of the body in 3D space.

Front 78

Name each vertebra.

Back 78

A: cervial
B: thoracic
C:lumbar

Front 79

Define flexion

Back 79

Bringing two ventral surfaces closer to each other.

Front 80

For each movement describe the vertebrae that allow for this movement and the degree of movement: lateral bending, flexion/extension and rotation.

Back 80

Front 81

Label. What type of joint is this?

Back 81

A: articular cavity
B: synovial membrane
C: fibrous membrane
D: joint capsule
E: hyaline cartilage
F: articular cavity

This is a synovial joint

Front 82

Back 82

A: synovial joints
B: ball and socket
C: hinge
D: ellipsoid
E: saddle
F: pivot
G: plane

Front 83

Each synovial joint is surrounded by a ____ _____, which surrounds the _____ _____ and forms a closed ____ _____.

Back 83

fibrous joint capsule, articular surfaces, articular (synovial) cavity.

Front 84

The articular surfaces of a synovial joint are covered with distortable ____ _____ laid over a thin layer of _____ _____.

Back 84

hyaline (articular) cartilage, subchondral bone.

Front 85

Immovable joints are called this.

Back 85

Synarthroses.

Front 86

Very movable joints are called this.

Back 86

Diarthroses.

Front 87

Slightly movable joints are called this.

Back 87

Amphiarthroses.

Front 88

Back 88

A: sutures
B: sutural ligament
C: gomphosis
D: syndesmosis
E: synchondrosis
F: symphysis

Front 89

What is the difference between fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints?

Back 89

Fibrous joints feature bones joined by dense connective tissue and cartilaginous joints feature bones joined by hyaline cartilage (primary) or fibrocartilage (secondary).

Front 90

Give examples of each synovial joint type.

1) Hinge Joint

2) Pivot Joint

3) Ellipsoid or Condylar Joint

4) Saddle Joint

5) Ball and Socket Joint

6) Pivot Joint

7) Plane Joint

8) Bicondylar Joint

Back 90

1) Hinge Joint - HUMEROULNAR JOINT / ELBOW

2) Pivot Joint - ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT

3) Ellipsoid or Condylar Joint - WRIST JOINT (RADIOCARPAL JOINT)

4) Saddle Joint - CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THE THUMB

5) Ball and Socket Joint - HIP JOINT

6) Pivot Joint - ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT

7) Plane Joint - ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT

8) Bicondylar Joint - KNEE JOINT

Front 91

What movement and axis does this joint work with in?

HINGE JOINT

Back 91

Hinge Joint - Allow movement around one axis that pass transversely through the joint; permits flexion and extension

Front 92

What movement and axis does this joint work with in?

PIVOT JOINT

Back 92

allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally (east and west) along the shaft of the bone; allows rotation

Front 93

What movement and axis does this joint work with in?

BICONDYLAR

Back 93

allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis; formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave flat surface

Front 94

What movement and axis does this joint work with in?

CONDYLAR OR ELLIPSOID

Back 94

Allow movement around 2 axes that are at right angles to each other; permit flexion, extension, ABduction, Adduction, and circumduction (limited)

Front 95

What movement and axis does this joint work with in?

SADDLE JOINTS

Back 95

Allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surface are saddle shaped; permit flexion, extension, ABd and ADd and circumduction

Front 96

What movement and axis does this joint work with in?

BALL AND SOCKET

Back 96

Allow movement around multiple axes; permit flexion, extension, ABd, ADd, circumduction and rotation

Front 97

What movement and axis does this joint work with in?

PLANE JOINTS

Back 97

Allowing sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another

Front 98

Name the types of Solid Joints

Back 98

1) Fibrous Joint

2) Cartilaginous Joint

Front 99

Define Fibrous Joint

Back 99

It is a joint connected by fibrous connective tissue.

Front 100

Name the 3 types of Fibrous Joints, definition and examples

Back 100

1) Sutures - Skull bones connected by thin layer of connective tissue

2) Gomphoses - Only <> teeth an adjacent bone - short collagen tissue fibers in the peridontal ligament

3) Syndesmoses - two adjacent bones connected by a ligament - Ligamentum Flavum, interosseous membrane

Front 101

Name the 2 types of Cartilaginous joints, define and give examples

Back 101

Synchondroses - where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage. Allow bone growth. Femur head and shaft

Symphyses - where two bones are interconnected by cartilage. Typically occur in midline. Pubic Symphysis and intervertebral discs

Front 102

Name the two types of bone.

Back 102

1) Compact - dense bone forms outer shell of all bones

2) Spongy - often filled with bone marrow

Front 103

Give the shape and examples of the following bone classifications:

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesmoid

Back 103

Long - tubular - humerus and femur

Short - cuboidal - carpals or tarsals

Flat - are 2 compact bones plates seperated by by spongy bone - Skull

Irregular - various shapes - Facisl bones

Sesmoid - are round or oval that develop in tendons - patella

Front 104

Name the all structures

Back 104