Week 1 India

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Over the previous millenium , numerous gods and godesses have been appropriated and subsumed into the 3 main deities...

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SHIVA

VISHNU

DEVI - THE GODDESS

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SHIVA was often worshipped in the form of...

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the cylindrical linga

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Vishnu's personality includes those of his 10 incarnations including well known gods such as

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Krishna and Rama

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Devi is worshipped in

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many shapes and forms

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She is sometimes assiociated with

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male gods but is often alone

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The rise of the Delhi sultanate had little direct impact on the lands south of

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the Narmada river

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only when the sultanate began sending armies down into the peninsula dd the two regions converge and this occurred around

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1300

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the military successes of the delhi sultanate led to a north Indian state having control of parts of the south - this had repercussions...

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the founding of a separate state in the Deccan known as the BAHAMANIS headed by central asian muslim warriors

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another siginficant resut of the delhi sultanate's military expeditions was...

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the destruction of existing regional kingdoms in the south

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This paved the way for the emrgence of...

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the vijayanagara state ruled by indigenous warriors that shaped the society and culture of south india for centuries

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the origins of Vijayanagara is a subject of

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intense debate

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we know its first rulers were...

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2 brothers from the Sanagama family

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but opinions of where they came from and what they did before Vijayanagara...

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differ greatly

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for much of the 20th century they were believed to have been...

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warriors of a local king defeated by the delhi sultanate

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Because the Sangamas were the first of 4 ruling dynasties, we call the kingdom not after the kinds but after the ...

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new name coined for the capital

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Vijayanagara =

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City of Victory

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today the site is known both as Vijayanagara and..

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Hampi - a variation of the name of Pampa, the goddess associated with the region

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although vijayanagara grew to become the largets state ever created in south india, its expansion was a...

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gradual process

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the chief rival of Vujayanagara was the

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Bahmani sultanate established in 1347

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KRISHNADEVA RAYA reigned between...

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1509-1529

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He was largelt responsible for...

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making Vijayanagara the paramount polity in the peninsula

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From the outset he pursued a policy of

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consolidating Vijayanagara power

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partly because of his many military successes Krishnadeva was the most...

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celebrated kng among later generations of south india

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Vijayanagara attained its largest size and its greatest degree of centralization under

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Krishnadeva Raya

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Much of Vijayanagara's militaristic orientation was a result of

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its origins as a polity created by warriors

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Defensive walls were intended to fend of enemies and at the same time...

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overwhelm viewes by their awesome scale

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since the early 20th century Vijayanagara has often been described as a state established to hald the advance of ...

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muslim power in the peninsula

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so its militarism was a direct response to...

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the threat of the Muslim presence - the Bahmani sultanate and its successor states

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the flaws in this depiction of Vijayanagara as a nation whose mission was to defend Hinduism against Islam are soon made apparent

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the aspect of a single unified Hindu state was not achieved until the 14th century

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the kingdom's militarism was mostly due to..

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indigenous developments

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by settling in Hampi the sanagamas adopted as their family deity...

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the god Virupaksha, a form of shiva who was the most celebrated deity in that locality

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The rulers honored Virupaksha in several ways, one of which was...

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building a temple for him at Hampi

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Virupaksha was not the only god favoured by Vijayanagara kings, other gods such as...

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Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, who has a temple dedicated to him constructed in the early 15th century

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Vishnu had long been popular with Indian kings because...

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he was thought to have repeatedly rescued the world from evil demons and they desired to be depicted as saviours

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Vijayanagara's ability to flourish for 200 years was due to their adoption of new technologies of rule that were introduced by the...

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deccan sulanates

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Military technology was adopted from the Deccan such as

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the assimilation of Turkic cavalry and archery techniques

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skilled Muslim personalle were hired by the

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Viajayanagara army

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Less utilitarian aspects of Islamic culture were also embraced by the Vijayanagara ruling class, a key example is...

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architecture

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Pavilions, audience halls, arches, domes and stucco ornamentation resembled the architecture of the

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Bahmani sultanate

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In contrast, traditional architectural forms were retained for all...

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religious structures, whether they were mosques or temples

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a mosque that was built in 1439 by a muslim noble was built using...

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the indic post and lintel technique