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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cells exhibit contact inhibition and become senescent
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Primary Cell Culture/Diploid Cell line
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Cells usually aneuploid and grow in suspension culture
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Continuous Cell Lines
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Cells can be used to produce virus for vaccines
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Primary Cell Culture/Diploid Cell Line, Continuous Cell Lines, eggs
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Viral genomes which actually occur in viruses
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ssDNA linear, ssDNA circular, dsDNA linear, dsDNA circular, ssRNA segmented, ssRNA non-segmented, dsRNA segmented, dsRNA non-segmented
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Possible definition of a virus
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A virus can contain DNA or RNA, but never both. Viruses cannot be cultured on artificial medium. Viruses are intracellular parasites that require metabolic activity of cells. Viruses do not divide by binary fission
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Who was the first individual to record transmission of an infection agent after passage through a bacteria-proof filter?
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Dmitri Ivanowski
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Who showed that polio virus could be cultured in non-neuronal human cells?
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John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins
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Who coined the term "virus"?
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Martinus Beijerinck
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Who was the first to crystallize a virus?
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Wendell Stanley
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If an organism is defined as the unit element of a continuous lineage with an individual evolutionary history would a virus be considered an organism?
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Yes, a virus would be considered an organism in this case
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What is a capsomer?
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A morphological subunit of a virus
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What is a protomer?
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A structural subunit of a virus
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What happens in negative staining?
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A heavy metal is used to fill in the areas around the virus
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What happens in shadow casting?
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A heavy metal such as gold or chromium is sprayed on a viral sample resulting in a shadowing of the sample
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What happens in thin sectioning?
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The embedded viral infected tissue is cut into thin sections and stained.
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What happens in freeze fracture?
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The virus is stained with a heavy metal such as uranyl acetate
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What is the period of time called that begins with the uncoating of the virus and ends with the assembly of infectious virus in the cell?
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The eclipse stage
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Name three receptors for an animal virus found on the cell surface.
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Cell proteins, cell carbohydrates, and cell lipids.
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Describe the naming system for viruses
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Order - virales
Family - viradae Subfamily - virinae Genera - virus |
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What happens to the Tobacco mosaic virus structural protein at a neutral pH?
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17 subunits form a disk and tehre are two layers of disks
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What happens to the Tobacco mosaic virus in Alkaline pH?
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Small aggregate of several subunits called an A protein
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What happens to the Tobacco mosaic virus in acidic pH?
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The subunit forms a lock washer of just over two turns in length
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What are the two steps found in the Tobacco mosaic virus?
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Initiation and Elongation
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What is a scaffolding protein?
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A scaffolding protein participates in assembly of nucleocapsid but subsequently departs
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How would you describe the internal pressure of the phage head of phi 29?
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About 10 times the internal pressure of a bottle of champagne
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What cmoes first in the assemblyof polio virus?
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The structural proteins, VPO, VP1, and VP3, come together to from a procapsid
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What mechanisms are likely to be used by a cytolytic virus in exiting the cell?
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Lysing the cell and budding from the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell
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What is the headful mechanism of DNA packaging?
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An endonucleasecuts concatameric DNA when the phage head is full, usually more than a single genome has entered the phage head.
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What is the minimum structural components of a virus?
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A capsid and nucleic acid
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Where in the eukaryotic cell would you expect a DNA virus like Herpes simplex virus to replicate its genome?
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Nucleus
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What mechanism might an icosahedral animal virus with a DNA genome use to enter an animal cell?
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Receptor mediated endocytosis
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Name three things that can influence whether or not a receptor is present on the surface of a cell.
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1) The type of cell it is
2) The state of cycle(cell) its in 3) Current infection (infected cell) |
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What are three possible functions of a viral capsid?
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1) Protecting the viral nucleic acid from degradation.
2) Getting the virus into a cell 3) Packaging or condensing of nucleic acid |
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What is the difference between a lytic infection of a cell and a transforming infection?
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The two most commonly observed virus-cell interactions are the lytic interaction, which results in virus multiplication and lysis of the host cell; and the transforming interaction, which results in the integration of the viral genome into the host genome and the permanent transformation or alteration of the host cell with respect to morphology, growth habit, and the manner in which it interacts with other cells. Transformed animal and plant cells are also capable of multiplying; they often grow into tumors, and the viruses that cause such transformation are known as tumor viruses
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Give an example of how viruses have impacted history.
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The French attempted to complete the Panama Canal but yellow fever broke out and they abandoned the project. Those who went to study the project also broke out with disease. U.S capitalized and finish Canal at the expense of the Panama residents, until Jimmy Carter returned it to their ownership.
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Why would you say a virus is a piece of bad news wrapped up in a protein?
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Since viruses cannot metabolize without a host, the virus typically infects the host hijacking its machinery at the hosts expense.
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How does the DNA of the T4 virus penetrate the bacterial cell?
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Conformational change in the tube occurs after the phage receptors activated, the virus approaches the cell furthur, the tube penetrates the membrane and injects DNA into the host.
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If Hershey and Chase used phi X174 phage for their famous experiment that show that only DNA entered an infected cell and viral proteins stayed out of the cell would they have gotten the same results?
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No, proteins are adsorbed alongside nucleic aciid in phiX174 infection
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How does influenza enter the cell?
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?
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How does polio enter the cell?
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?
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