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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is tidal volume? |
volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath |
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What is functional residual capacity? |
amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal expiration |
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What is minute respiratory volume? |
total amount of new air moved through the respiratory passage per minute |
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What is the formula for minute respiratory volume? |
Tidal volume x Respiratory rate = Min. Resp Vol |
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By what 2 methods can lungs can be expanded & contracted? |
•Contraction & relaxation of diaphragm •Expansion & relaxation of the ribs |
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What is surfactant? Why is it important? |
•A substance that is secreted by alveolar epithelial cells
•Helps to reduce the surface tension of the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing |
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When is surfactant produced in the fetus?
What effect will this have on premature neonates? Why? |
•Late gestation
•Will have "respiratory distress" due to the alveoli filling with fluid, causing them to collapse |
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What is the ultimate goal of pulmonary ventilation? |
To renew air in the gas exchange areas of the lung |
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What are the gas exchange areas of the lung? (4) |
•Alveoli •Alveolar sacs •Alveolar ducts •Bronchioles |
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What is dead space? How does age affect this? |
•Respiratory area where no gas exchange occurs
•Increases |
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What does sympathetic stimulation of the respiratory tree do? |
Causes bronchodilation through stimulation of beta-receptors |
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What does parasympathetic stimulation of the respiratory tree do? |
Causes bronchoconstriction |
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What effect does Histamine have on the respiratory system?
When is it released? |
•Causes bronchoconstriction (inhibits breathing)
•Released during allergic or anaphylactic reactions |
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What function does respiratory cilia serve? |
Ciliated epithelium beat in an upward motion to remove mucus and debris from the respiratory tree to the pharyngeal area |
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What function(s) does the mucous coat serve? |
•Keeps the respiratory tract moist •Traps small inhaled particles for removal |
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What are the 3 components of pulmonary circulation? |
•Pulmonary arteries •Pulmonary veins •Pulmonary capillaries |
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Where can you find the pulmonary arteries? What do they do? |
•Carry de-oxygenated blood out of the right ventricle |
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What do the pulmonary veins do? |
Transport re-oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left ventricle |
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What goes on in the pulmonary capillaries? |
Gas exchange occurs |
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Explain the principles of gas exchange? |
* |
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What are some factors that affect the rate of gas exchange through the respiratory membrane? |
Membrane thickness |
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How does membrane thickness affect the rate of gas exchange?
The membrane can thicken because of _____ or ________ |
•As membrane thickness increases, rate of exchange decreases
•Edema, fibrosis |
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Blood is ___% saturated with oxygen when it leaves the lungs to the left atrium |
98% |
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What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport? |
Carries almost 97% of oxygen that is diffused into the blood |
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When O2 pressure is ____ in pulmonary circulation, it will rapidly bind to Hbg. |
high |
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When O2 concentration is ____ at the tissue level, oxygen is released from Hgb. |
low |
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Where is nervous regulation of the respiratory rate located? |
in the brain stem |
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T/F: Excess CO2 stimulates the respiratory center causing a decrease in respiration rate and an increase in strength of inspiration |
False - It will not only cause an incr. in the strength of inspiration, but in RR too |
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What Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
What causes it? |
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•Chronic hypersensitivity of bronchioles to an allergic substance |
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What reactions result from having COPD? (4)
Which one is more commonly seen advanced cases? Say your answer in an accent. |
• Mucus secreted into bronchiolar airway • Bronchiolar smooth muscle spasm • Edema in walls of bronchioles • Fibrosis of bronchiolar airways* |
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What are the two causes of pulmonary edema? What does each one do? |
•Left heart failure or mitral valve insufficiency -> results in an incr pulmonic capillary pressure •Pulmonary edema = fluid filling the pulmonary interstitial space |
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What is dyspnea? |
Difficulty breathing |
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What are the 6 components of the renal system? |
•Kidney •Urethra •Ureters •Urinary bladder •Renal arteries & veins •Adrenal glands |
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What is the function of the nephron? |
to clear the blood of unwanted substances as it passes through the kidney |
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What is Polyuria? |
Increase in the volume of urine |
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What is polydipsia? |
Increase in thirst |
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What is the most common sign of kidney disease? |
PU/PD |
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The kidney is composed of approximately 2 million urine producing units called ________ |
nephrons |
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Each nephron is made is up a filtering unit called a __________, where fluid is filtered from the blood |
glomerulus |
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From the glomerulus, where does the filtered blood go and what is happening to it? |
Goes to a long tubule where filtered blood will be made into urine |
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Fluid filtered into the glomerulus is collected into the tubule system where ____% of water will be reabsorbed into the bloodstream |
99% |
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T/F: Even though kidney has a fluid by-product, it actually conserves body water |
True |
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What are unwanted substances/end products of metabolism are removed by the kidneys, from the body? |
•Creatine •Chemicals & drugs •Urea (ammonia) created from protein metabolism •Uric acids •Ions •Na, K, Cl, H, & Ca |
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What species is uric acid commonly seen in? |
birds |
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Which chemical elements are filtered and re-absorbed into the bloodstream? (3) |
•Chlorine (Cl) •Sodium (Na) •Calcium (Ca) |
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Which chemical elements are filtered and excreted from the body? (2) |
Potassium (K) and Hydrogen (H) |
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______, ________, and _____ _____ are highly re-absorbed in the tubular system |
Glucose, proteins, & amino acids |
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T/F: Because urea and creatine are always re-absorbed, they are found in low concentrations within the urine |
False - urea & creatine are highly concentrated in the urine because they are poorly re-absorbed |
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Which ions are re-absorbed? |
Sodium (Na) and Calcium (Ca) |
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Which ions are excreted? |
Potassium (K) and Phosphate (PO4) |
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What causes diluted urine? Why does this happen? |
•Excess water excreted from kidneys
•Because body fluid solute concentration is too low & body fluids are too dilute |
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What causes concentrated urine? |
Kidneys absorb water when body fluids are too concentrated |
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What are the two types of renal disease? |
Acute Renal Failure and Chronic Renal Failure |
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What causes Acute Renal Failure (ARF)? |
Rapid destruction of kidney tissue from infectious agents or chemical toxins (ex: antifreeze, leptospirosis) |
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What causes Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)? |
Results from chronic scarring of kidneys |
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What is the importance of alcohol dehydrogenase? |
Naturally found in the animal; when the animal consumes antifreeze, the dehydrogenase will turn it into a crystal and will block the nephrons which will cause ARF - complete kidney shutdown |
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Clinical signs of ARF? (3) |
•No urine output •Severe depression from acidosis & back-up of toxins •Death if not corrected quickly |
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What are some signs of CRF? What is the number one signs of CRF? |
•Excess urea & creatine in blood •Diluted urine due to reduced re-absorption of water from the diseased tubule •PU/PD |
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What is important to know about CRF? |
It takes months to develop outward signs because only 35% of nephrons are needed for normal body function |
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When do the kidneys shut down? |
When nephrons go below 5% |
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Treatment of CRF? |
•Fluid diuresis (forcing patient to urinate) •Protein reduced diet |
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What 2 functions does the bladder serve? |
•Threshold pressure (sensory response) •Nerve reflex (motor response) constricting the bladder and expelling urine |
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T/F: The bladder has an involuntary sphincter muscle |
False - voluntary sphincter muscle |
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What are the different types of bladder abnormalities? |
•Bladder Infection •Urinary calculi (bladder stones) •Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) •Urinary Incontinence •Bladder Atony |
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What is urinary incontinence? Who does it affect? What are the signs? What is the Tx? |
•In older spayed females due to lack of estrogen
•Uncontrolled dribbling •Leakage through weakened sphincter
•DES - aids to control smooth muscle sphincter |
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What is bladder atony? What are some signs? How does this occur? |
•Disruption in nerve pathway due to blunt force trauma to bladder or spinal cord
•Over-distention (dribbling)
•Can occur through damage to the spinal cord or through abdominal trauma leaving them unable to control their bladder |
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Who does bladder infection affect most? What are the clinical signs? What is the treatment? |
•Females because of their shorter urethra
•Straining to urinate •Blood in urine (hematuria)
•Antibiotics and urine acidifiers |
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What purpose do urine acidifiers serve? give an example |
1) Kill bacteria 2) Reduce stone formation
example: Ammonia Chloride |
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What is urinary calculi? What causes it? What are the clinical signs? Tx? |
•Bladder stones
•Improper nutrition - most common •Breed disposition (ex: Dalmatian & Schnauzer)
•Blood in urine •Straining to urinate •Palpable stones
•Small stones may be dissolved w/ special diets •Stones may return if not properly managed |
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What is FLUTD? Who does it affect? What are the clinical signs? |
•Formerly known as "Feline Urologic Syndrome"
•Obstruction of urethra due to entrapped mineralized protein material •Common in over-weight, neutered males
•Straining to urinate w/ no urine production |
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What is the treatment for FLUTD? |
•Urinary catheterization •Fluid therapy |
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How can FLUTD be prevented? |
•Control of diet •Multiple factor disease -> over-weight, length/width of urethra |
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Complete obstruction of FLUTD may lead to (3): |
•Back-up of toxins •Depression/vomiting •Death if obstruction is not relieved |
