Vertebral Column And Superficial Back

Front 1

3 Functions of the vertebral column

Back 1

1) load bearing and flexible support
2)spinal cord protection
3)muscle attachment

Front 2

Vertebra by region:

Back 2

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
3-5 fused coccygeal

Front 3

normal curvatures of the vertebral column:

Back 3

1) primary - concave anteriorly (thoracic and sacral)
2) secondary - convex anteriorly (cervical and lumbar)

Front 4

abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column

Back 4

1) kyphosis
2)lordosis
3)scoliosis

Front 5

complication of excessive scoliosis

Back 5

cardiopulmonary problems

Front 6

function of the articular processes of the verbrae

Back 6

restriction of movement

Front 7

function of the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae

Back 7

muscle attachment and movement

Front 8

function of the vertebral arch

Back 8

protection of spinal cord

Front 9

function of the vertebral body

Back 9

support of body weight

Front 10

where is bone of the vertebral body originated from

Back 10

centrum

Front 11

what is the origin of the smooth bone around the vertebral body (epiphyseal ring)

Back 11

anular epiphysis

Front 12

what is the smooth bone around the vertebral body

Back 12

epiphyseal ring

Front 13

what is the inside middle of the intervertebral disc called

Back 13

nucleus pulposus

Front 14

what is the outside of the intervertebreal disc called

Back 14

anulus fibrosus

Front 15

origin of the nucleus pulposus

Back 15

a notochord remnant

Front 16

makeup of the nucleus pulposus (water component)

Back 16

mucoid material, 70-88% water

Front 17

characteristics of the nucleus pulposus

Back 17

consists of mucoid material, non-compressible, but capable of major changes in shape, accounts for 25% of vertebral column length

Front 18

what can result from weakening of annulus fibrosus?

Back 18

herniated disk

Front 19

what is the annulus fibrosus?

Back 19

peripheral lamina of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage surrounding nucleus fibrosus in the intervertebral disk

Front 20

functions of the intervertebral disk

Back 20

1) shock absorber
2) joins vertebrae while allowing slight movement

Front 21

what is the carotid tubercle?

Back 21

anterior tubercle of the C6 vertebra

Front 22

whats special about C7?

Back 22

long prominens

Front 23

what's special about C2-C5?

Back 23

bifid spinous processes

Front 24

what's special about the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?

Back 24

foramina for vertebral artery and vein

Front 25

intervertebral foramen

Back 25

created by the superior and inferior vertebral notches; outlet for spinal nerves

Front 26

what is the only remnant of the notochord in the adult?

Back 26

nucleus pulposus

Front 27

zygapophyseal (facet) joint

Back 27

synovial joint between superior and inferior articular processes; arthritis can occur

Front 28

complication of weakened annulus fibrosus

Back 28

herniated disk, spinal nerve impingement

Front 29

what is special about the cervical vertebrae

Back 29

foramen transversus for vertebral arteries and veins

Front 30

which cervical vertebra can be palpated and why?

Back 30

C7 because of prominens

Front 31

characteristics of C vertebrae

Back 31

small bodies, large spines, many spines are bifid, transverese foramina

Front 32

characteristics of T vertebrae

Back 32

long transverse processes (ribs); facets for rib attachments
1) demifacets on vertebral bodies
2)facet on transverse process for rib tubercle

Front 33

characteristics of L vertebrae

Back 33

stubby spines, large vertebral body (load bearing region), vertical articular processes

Front 34

what is special about the sacral hiatus?

Back 34

can be used to administer anesthesia by needle.

Front 35

sacrum: posterior foramina and anterior foramina

Back 35

posterior - dorsal rami; anterior - ventral rami; of S1-S4 nerves

Front 36

articular surfaces of sacrum

Back 36

large, articulate with ileums

Front 37

carotid tubercle

Back 37

C6 anterior tubercle

Front 38

cervical region of the neck

Back 38

flexion is greatest here

Front 39

atlantoaxial joint

Back 39

"no" joint, lateral movement of head

Front 40

atlanto-occipital joint

Back 40

"yes" joint, nodding

Front 41

costal fovea

Back 41

on the thoracic vertebrae, articulate with heads of ribs

Front 42

movement of the lumbar region

Back 42

very little rotation possible, extension is most pronounced here

Front 43

where does the dens come from?

Back 43

it is an extension of the vertebral body of the axis

Front 44

symphyses joints of the vertebral column

Back 44

intevertebral disks, anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments

Front 45

supraspinous ligaments

Back 45

connect the tips of the spines; becoem the nuchal ligament in the cervical region

Front 46

nuchal ligament

Back 46

part of supraspinous ligaments, only in the cervical region, connects upto the external occipital protuberance of the scull

Front 47

interspinous ligaments

Back 47

connect adjacent spinous processes

Front 48

intertransverse ligaments

Back 48

connect adjacent transverse processes

Front 49

posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments

Back 49

posterior is thinner both connect vertebral bodies

Front 50

ligamenta flava

Back 50

connect lamina; highly elastic; help maintain upright posture

Front 51

what are the different vertebral ligaments?

Back 51

1) supraspinous ligaments (including ligamentum nuchae)
2) interspinous ligaments
3)intertransverse ligaments
4)posterior longitudinal ligament
5) anterior longitudinal ligament
6) ligamenta flava

Front 52

what is the function of the ligamenta flava?

Back 52

help maintain upright posture

Front 53

hyperextension of the spine

Back 53

ex) whiplash
may result in severely stretching anterior longitudinal ligament or compression and crush of posterior vertebral arch elements

Front 54

hyperflexion of the spine

Back 54

possibly caused by head-on collision; often between C5/C6 and C6/C7 vertebrae; may tear the interspinous ligaments and rupture the intervertebral discs

Front 55

spondylosis

Back 55

a general term for degenerative disorders of the spine

Front 56

spondylolysis

Back 56

fractures that appear in the interarticular portion of the vertebral bone, between the facet joints

Front 57

spondylolisthesis

Back 57

displacement of vertebral body from the one beneath it; can be anterolisthesis or retrolisthesis; anterolisthesis often goes along with spondylolysis

Front 58

osteophytes

Back 58

bony spurs form on regions where adjust vertebrae appose; due to chronic degeneration

Front 59

spinal stenosis

Back 59

congenital or acquired narrowing of spinal canal

Front 60

shoulder droop

Back 60

caused by injury to spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) that runs just deep to trapezius in cervical region

Front 61

insertion of trapezius

Back 61

lateral clavicle, acromion and scapular spine

Front 62

innervation of trapezius

Back 62

spinal accessory nerve

Front 63

actions of trapezius

Back 63

superior fibers - upward rotation, retraction and elevation of scapula
inferior fibers - upward rotation, retraction, and depression of scapula

Front 64

insertion of the latissimus dorsi

Back 64

humers

Front 65

innervation of latissimus dorsi

Back 65

thoracodorsal (middle subscapular) nerve

Front 66

actions of latissimus dorsi

Back 66

extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially (swimmers movement of arm back push)

Front 67

insertion of levator scapulae

Back 67

superior angle of scapula almost to base of spine of scapula

Front 68

innervation of levator scapula

Back 68

ventral rami of C3,C4 spinal nerve and dorsal scapular nerve branch

Front 69

actions of levator scapulae

Back 69

mostly elevation of scapula but also retraction and light downward rotation

Front 70

actions of rhomboideus major and minor

Back 70

mostly retraction of scapula but also elevation and slight downward rotation

Front 71

innervation of rhomboids major and minor

Back 71

dorsal scapular nerve

Front 72

insertion of rhomboid major

Back 72

medial border of scapula from base of spine to inferior angle

Front 73

insertion of rhomboid minor

Back 73

base of scapular spine