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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Klinefelter's Syndrome
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Male. XXY 1:850.
Testicular atrophy, eunucoid body shape, tall, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution. Presence of inactivated X chromosome (Barr body) Common cause of hypogonadism seen in infertility workup. Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules, leading to dec inhibin, inc FSH. Abnormal Leydig cell function, decreased testosterone increases LH which increases estrogen. |
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Turner's syndrome
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Female. XO. 1:3000.
Short stature, ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovary), webbing of neck, preductal coarctation of the aorta, most common cause of amenorrhea. No barr body. Decrease estrogen leads to inc LH, FSH. |
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Double Y males.
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Male. XYY. 1:1000.
Phenotypically normal, very tall, severe acne, antisocial behavior. Normal fertility. Seen with increased frequency of prison inmates. |
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Female pseudohermaphrodite.
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XX.
Ovaries present but external genitalia are virilized or ambiguous. Due to excessive and inappropriate exposure to androgenic steroids during early gestation. CAH, exogenous androgens |
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Male pseudohermaphrodite
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XY.
Testes present, but external genitalia are female or ambiguous. most common form is androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization) |
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True hermaphrodite
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46XX or 47 XXY
Both ovary and testicular tissue present, very rare. |
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Pseudohermaphroditism
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Disagreement b/n phenotypic (external genetalia) and gonadal (testes vs ovaries) sex.
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome
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Defect in androgen receptor resulting in normal-appearing female
Female external genitalia with rudimentary vagina, uterus and uterine tubes generally absent. Develops testes, often found in labia majora, removed to prevent malignacy. High T, E, LH |
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5 alpha - reductase
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Unable to convert testosterone to DHT.
Ambiguous genitalia until puberty, when inc in testosterone causes masculinization of genitalia. Testosterone/estrogen levels are normal; LH is normal or increased. Penis at 12, when testosterone production begins at puberty, it stimulates growth of external male genitalia |
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Abruptio placentae
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premature detachment of placenta from implantation site.
Painful uterine bleeding, usually in 3rd trimester. Fetal death. May be assoc w/ DIC. Increased risk w/ smoking, HTN, cocaine |
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Placenta accreta
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Defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach directly to myometrium.
Predisposed by prior C-section or inflammation. May have massive hemorrhage after delivery. |
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Placenta previa
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Attachment of placenta to lower uterine segment, may occlude internal os.
Predisposed by prior C-section Painless bleeding in any trimester. |
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Ectopic pregnancy
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Most often in fallopian tubes, predisposed by salpingitis, PID.
Suspect w/ inc hCG and sudden lower abd pain; confirm w/ ultrasound. Often clinically mistaken for appendicitis. Pain without bleeding. |
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Polyhydraminios
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> 1.5-2L of amniotic fluid; associated with esophageal/duadenal atresia, causing inability to swallow amniotic fluid and w/ anencephaly.
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Oligohydramnios
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< 0.5 L of amniotic fluid; associated with bilateral renal agenesis or posterior urethral valves (in males) and resultant inability to excrete rine. Can give rise to Potter's syndrome.
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Adenomyosis
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Endometriosis within the myometrium
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Endometrial hyperplasia
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Abnormal endometrial gland proliferation usually caused by excess estrogen stimulation.
Inc risk for endometrial carcinoma. Commonly manifests clinically as postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Risk facotrs - anovulatory cycles, hormone replacement therapy, polycystic ovarian syndrome, granulosa cell tumor. |
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Endometrial carcinoma
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Most common gynecologic malignancy. peaks 55-65.
Typically preceeded by endometrial hyperplasia. Risk facotrs include prolonged use of estrogen w/o progestins, obesity, diabeses, HTN, nulliparity, late menopause. Prognosis correlates w/ degree of myometrial invasion |
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Leiomyoma (fibroid)
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Most common of all tumors in females. Often presents with multiple tumors with well-demarcated borders.
Benign smooth muscle tumor; malignant transformation is rare. Estrogen sensitive - inc size w/ pregnancy, dec w/ menopause. Peak occurenc ein women 20-40 years. Asymptomatic or abnormal uterine bleeding, may cause iron deficiency. Whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles. Does not progess to leiomyosarcoma. Inc incidence in blacks. |
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Leiomyosarcoma
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Bulky, irregularly shaped tumor w/ areas of necrosis and hemorrhage, typically arising de novo (not form leiomyoma).
Inc incidence in blacks. Highly aggressive tumor w/ tendency to recur. May protrude from cervix and bleed. |
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Dysgerminoma
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Malignant, equivalent to male seminoma.
Sheets of uniform cells. hCG tumor marker. |
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Choriocarcinoma
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Rare but malignant. Can develop during pregnancy in mother or baby.
Large, hyperchromatic syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Inc frequency of theca lutein cysts. |
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Yolk sac.
Endodermal sinus tumor |
Aggressive malignancy in ovaries - testes in boys and sacrococcygeal area of young children
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Teratoma
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90% of ovarian germ cell tumors. contain cells from 2-3 germ cell layers.
Mature teratoma "dermoid cyst" most frequent benign ovarian tumor. Immature teratoma - aggressively malignant. Struma ovarii - contains functional thyroid tissue, can present as hyperthyroidism. |
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Serous cystadenoma
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
20% of ovarian tumors. Frequently bilateral, lined with fallopian tube-like epithelium |
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Serous cystadenocarcinoma
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
50%ovarian tumors, malignant and frequently bilateral. |
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Mucinous cystadenoma
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
Multilocular cyst lined by mucus-secreting epithelium. Benign. |
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mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
Malignant. Pseudomyxoma peritonei - intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from ovarian or appendiceal tumor. |
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Brenner tumor
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
Benign, looks like bladder. |
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Fibromas
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
Bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts. Meig's syndrome - triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites and hydrothorax. Pulling sensation in groin |
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Granulosa cell tumor
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
Secretes estrogen, leading to precocious puberty in kids. Can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults. Call-Exner bodies - small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions. |
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Krukenberg tumor
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Ovarian non-germ cell tumor.
GI malignancy that metastasizes to ovaries, causing a mucin-secreting signet cell adenocarcinoma. |
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Fibroadenoma
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Benign breast tumor
Most common tumor < 25. Small, mobile, firm mass with sharp edges. Inc size and tenderness with pregnancy. Not a precursor to breast cancer. |
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Intraductal papilloma
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Benign breast tumor
Tumor of lactiferous ducts; presents with serous or bloody nipple discharge. |
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Phyllodes tumor
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Benign breast tumor
Large, bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts. Tumor may have leaflike projections. Some may be malignant. |
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Ductal carcinoma in situ
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Breast malignancy. Noninvasive.
early malignancy without basement membrane penetration |
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Invasive ductal, no specific type
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Breast malignancy. invasive
Firm, fibrous mass. Worst and most invasive 76% |
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Invasive lobular
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Breast malignancy. invasive.
8% often multiple, bilateral, orderly rows of cells. |
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Medullary
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Breast malignancy. invasive.
Fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate. Good prognosis |
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Comedocarcinoma
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Breast malignancy. Invasive.
ductal caseous necrosis |
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Inflammatory breast tumor
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Breast malignancy. Invasive.
lymphatic involvement; red, swollen; peau d'orange |
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Paget's disease of the breast
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Breast malignancy. Invasive.
Eczematous patches on nipple. Paget cells - large cells with clear halo. Suggest underlying carcinoma. Also seen in the breast. |
