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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systemic
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-Histoplasma capsulatum
-Blastomyces dermatitidis -Coccidioides immitis -Paracocidioides |
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Coccidioides immitis: Characteristics
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-Found in the SW U.S; "desert fever" or "valley fever"
-Dimorphic |
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Coccidioides immitis; Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; soil
-Transmission; inhalation then they become endospores in the body *Incidence increases after earthquake (airborne soil) |
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Coccidioides immitis: Diagnosis
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-Biopsy shows endospores inside spherules.
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Coccidioides immitis: Clinical symptoms
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-Erythema nodosum
-Pneumonitis -Arthralgias -AIDS patients; meningitis, mucocutaneous lesion -Can disseminate in the third trimester |
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Histoplasma capsulatum: Characteristics
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-No person-person transmisison
-Mississippi/Ohio River valleys -Bird or bat droppings (common in cave exploration and in chicken farmers) |
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Histoplasma capsulatum: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; soil and animal droppings (birds/bats)
-Transmission; inhalation -Macrophages phagocytose and carry spores systemically -Budding yeast in macrophages causes local infection -Infections are within granulomas and calcify |
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Histoplasma capsulatum: Clinical symptoms
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-No symptoms in healthy patients
-Systemic infections in immunocompromised patients -Pneumonaitis similar to milliary TB -May involve liver, spleen and adrenals in immunocompromised patients |
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Histoplasma capsulatum: Diagnosis
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-Granulomas
-Calcified lung lesions -Small budding cells withing macrophages on biopsy -Spherules |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis:
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-East coast of the U.S., Upper Great Lakes, Canada and Mexico
-Rarest of all systemic mycoses |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; soil, rotten wood containing spores
-Transmission; Inhalation of spores, then form yeast in the body |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis: Clinical symptoms
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-Pneumonitis
-Arthritis -Granulomas -Disseminates from lung to skin (DERMatitidis) |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis: Diagnosis
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-Granulomas
-Lung lesions do NOT calcify -Broad Based Budding Blastomyces |
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Paracoccidiodes: Characteristics
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-Latin America
-Budding yeast with "captain's wheel" formation |
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Paracoccidiodes: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; spores in soil
-Transmission; Inhalation of spores |
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Paracoccidiodes: Clinical symptoms
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-Similar to Coccidiodes
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Paracoccidiodes: Diagnosis
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-Multiple buds, like a "pilot's wheel"
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Opportunistic
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-Candida albicans
-Cryptococcus neoformans -Pneumocystis carinni -Aspergillus fumigatus -Mucor rhizopus -Pneumocystis jirovec |
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Candida albicans: Characteristics
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-Natural skin flora
-Common cause of yeast/skin infections in immunocompromised patients |
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Candida albicans: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; GI flora, mucous membrane and normal skin flora in moist areas
-Growth; Forms pseudo/true hyphae when invading tissue |
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Candida albicans: Clinical symptoms
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-Healthy host; oral thrush, vaginitis (diabetic women) and diaper rash
-Immunocompromised host; esophagiitis, cutaneous infection, systemic infection and septicemia and endocarditis in IV drug users |
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Candida albicans: Diagnosis
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-Silver stain
-KOH stain for pseudohyphae and budding yeast -"Cottage cheese like discharge" -Germ tube formation |
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Cryptococcus neoformans: Characteristics
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-Affects AIDS and SLE patients and those with poor T-cell mediated immunity
-Encapsulated |
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Cryptococcus neoformans: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; Pigeon and bird droppings
-Transmission; Inhalation of yeast from droppings, leads to lung infection -Spreads via blood to CNS |
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Cryptococcus neoformans: Clinical symptoms
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-Pneumonia
-Fungemia -Meningitis; forms abscesses and increases intracranial pressure (MOST COMMON cause of meningitis in AIDS patients) |
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Cryptococcus neoformans: Diagnosis
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-"Soap bubble lesions"
-Budding yeast on India ink -Urease-positive |
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Pneumocystitis jiroveci: Characteristics
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-Frequently affects AIDS patients
-Also may affect premature infants -Dented or "condom shaped" |
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Pneumocystitis jiroveci: Pathogenesis
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-Transmission; Inhalation of cyst
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Pneumocystitis jiroveci: Clinical symptoms
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-Pneumonia in AIDS patients (CD4+ count below 50)
-cough, fever, SOB -leading cause of death in AIDS patients -May cause pneumothorax -Occurs more in immunocompromised hosts |
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Pneumocystitis jiroveci: Diagnosis
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-Silver stain showing cysts containing dark oval bodies
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Aspergillus fumigatus: Characteristics
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-Fruiting bodies at ends of hyphae
-Affects neutropenic patients |
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Aspergillus fumigatus: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; mold grows in decaying vegetation (wheat stacks)
-Transmission; Inhalation of spores |
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Aspergillus fumigatus: Clinical symptoms
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-Various lung diseases
-Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis -Aspergillous ball; aspergilloma (preformed lung cavities -Acute/chronic pneumonitis (often with hemoptysis) -Invasive Aspergillosis (severe neutropenia or burns); causes MI, hemorrhage, pneumonia or meningitis |
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Aspergillus fumigatus: Diagnosis
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-Biopsy reveals branching hyphae (45 degrees) with septate hyphae (hyphae are divided)
-Sputum culture shows radiating chains of spores -Possible aspergilloma on X-ray |
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Rhizopus mucor: Characteristics
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-Afflicts diabetics and leukemia patients
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Rhizopus mucor: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; spores
-Transmission; Inhalation of spores -In immunocompromised hosts, it colonizes tissue and invades blood vessels, leading to necrosis |
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Rhizopus mucor: Clinical symptoms
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-Rhinocerebral infection
-Pneumonitis similar to Aspergillus -Lethal |
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Rhizopus mucor: Diagnosis
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-Biopsy shows branching hyphae (90 degrees) without septate
-Shows broad ribbon-like growth pattern -"Black pus" |
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Cutaneous
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-Microsporum
-Malessezia furfur |
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Microsporum: Characteristics
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-Includes multiple types of fungi that infect skin
-Trichophyton and Epidermophyton affects nails -Tichophyton mentagrophytes affects feet |
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Microsporum: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; soil, animals and humans
-Transmission; Spread by contact with an infect host -Colonizes keratinized epithelium -Infection spreads in centrifugally ("ringworm" -Antigens may induce delayed type hypersensitivity |
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Microsporum: Clinical symptoms
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-Ringworm (tinea corporis); ring lesion on the skin
-Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) -Jock itch (tinea cruris) -Oncomycoses (tinea unguium); nail infection -Body infection (tenia corporis) |
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Microsporum: Diagnosis
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-Skin scrapings allow keratin to be removed
-Hyphae can be observed on KOH prep -Wood's lamp (UV) detects Microporum |
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Malessezia Furfur: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; animals, humans, soil
-Transmission; contact -Common for those who consistently work outdoors |
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Malessezia Furfur: Clinical symptoms
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-Pityriasis or tinea versicolor: Pale spots on the skin, often on the back
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Malessezia Furfur: Diagnosis
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-KOH prep "spaghetti and meatballs"
-Short, unbranched hyphae -Spherical yeast |
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Sporothrix shenckii: Characteristics
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-Subcutaneous
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Sporothrix shenckii: Pathogenesis
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-Reservoir; spores in soil
-Transmission; spores enter via cuts and puncture wounds (puncture from rose thorn) |
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Sporothrix shenckii: Clinical symptoms
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-Sporotrichosis ("Rose-gardener disease")
-Slow local infection forms primary nodules that becomes necrotic and ulcerates -Secondary nodules can form along lymphatics while they drain a primary infection; appear in the upper extremity that was infected via break in the skin -Pulmonary infection ("alcoholic-rose gardener disease") |
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Sporothrix shenckii: Diagnosis
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-Produces black pigment
-Shape changes with change in culture temp -Branched hyphae at 25 deg C -Single cells (cigar-shaped budding yeast) at 37 deg C |
