Usmle Endocrine

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Hashimotos thyroiditis increases the risk for:

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* Non-Hodgkins B-cell lymphoma

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Thyroid tumor composed of benign colloid follicles and bands of fibrous tissue:

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* Thyroid (follicular) Adenoma

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Syndrome caused by hypoperfusion to the pituitary after giving birth:

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* Sheehan syndrome

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GH increase at childhood:

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* Gigantism

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GH increase in adulthood:

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* Acromegaly and Hyperglycemia (d/t increased IGF-1)

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A prolactinoma will decrease LH and FSH levels due to:

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* feedback inhibition of GnRH -- treat with Dopamine

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A pt with a "cold" thyroid nodule might have:

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* A cyst or cancer (decreased Iodine uptake)

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A pt with a "hot" thyroid nodule might have:

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* Toxic nodular goiter

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This is a marker for thyroid cancer:

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* Thyroglobulin

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Cystic midline mass in the neck is:

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* Thyroglossal duct cyts

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Failed descent of thyroid from the base of the tongue is a:

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* Lingual thyroid

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Anterolateral neck cyst is:

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* Branchial cleft cyst

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Painful thyroid following a bacterial infection is:

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* Acute thyroiditis (decreased Iodine uptake)

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Painful thyroid following a viral infection (such as Coxsackievirus):

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* Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (DeQuervan's)

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Hasthimotos is associated with HLA __ and __ .

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* HLA-Dr3 and Dr5

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Type of autoimmune thyroiditis that is blocking IgG autoantibodies against the TSH receptor:

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* Hashimotos (lymphocytic infiltrate with prominent germinal follicles)

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Thyroiditis that is fibrous tissue replacement of the thyroid gland and surrounding tissue:

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* Reidel's thyroiditis

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Hypothyroidism in infancy or early childhood is called:

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* Cretenism

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Lab findings seen in hypothyroidism:

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* High TSH and low serum T4 (Treat with levothyroxine)

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HLA association with Graves is:

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* HLA-Dr3

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Thyroid stimulating IgG antibodies against the TSH receptor is seen with:

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* Graves (hyperthyroidism caused by a type II hypersensitivity reaction)

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Histologically what does the thyroid look like with Graves?

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* Papillary infolding with scant colloid

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Clinical features unique to Graves:

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* Proptosis, opthalmopahty (exophthalmos), pretibial myxedema

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One or more "hot' nodules that are TSH-independent are features of:

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* Toxic multinodular goiter (lack exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema)

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Lab features of Graves:

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* High serum T4, high serum Iodine uptake, and low TSH

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Endemic goiters are most commonly the result of:

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* Iodine deficiency

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1st step in the management of a thyroid nodule:

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* Fine needle aspiration

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Thyroid with papillary fronds, psammoma bodies, ground glass nuclei (orphan annie) is:

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* Papillary adenocarcinoma (associated with radiation exposure)

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Thyroid tumor with parafollicular C-cells, calcitonin secreting, etc. is:

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* Thyroid medullary carcinoma

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Thyroid medullary carcinoma is associated with what adrenal disorder:

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* Men IIa (Med carc, hyperpara, and pheo) -- and --

Men IIb (Med carc, pheo, mucousal neuromas) on Chromosome 10

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Parathyroids develop from what pharyngeal pouches:

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* 3rd and 4th

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Hypoparathyroidism will lead to what lyte deficiency?

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* Hypocalcemia

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Most common cause of hypo-PTH?

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* Thyroid surgery

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Lab findings seen with primary hyperparathyroidism:

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* High PTH, high Ca+, low phosphorus (usually caused by a Adenoma)

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Primary hyper-parathyroidism can lead to this bone disorder:

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* Osteitis fibrosa cystica (d/t increased osteoclastic activity)

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Zones of the adrenals and the hormones they produce:

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* G-F-R (Glom - aldosterone, Fasc - cortisol, Retic - Sex hormones)

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Origin of the adrenal medulla:

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* Neural crest

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Virilizing is d/t deficient:

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* Partial-21-hydroxylase

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Virilizing and salt losing is:

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* 21-hydroxylase deficiency

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Virilizing and HTN is:

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* 11-hydroxylase deficiency

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Hypocortisolism d/t meningitis (N. meningitidis):

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* Waterhouse-Friedrickson

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Chronic adrenal insufficiency:

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* Addisons disease

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Hypercortisolism d/t a pituitary ACTH secreting adenoma:

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* Cushings disease

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Pt with hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and low renin has:

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* Conn's (primary aldosteronism) usually d/t an adrenal adenoma

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A pt with treatment refractory HTN and increased urine VMA and metanephrine has:

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* Pheo (Associated with Men IIa/b, Neurofibromatosis, and VHL)

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Malignant tumor in small kids who have increased VMA, metanephrines, HVA, and have "homer-wright rosettes" histologically:

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* Neuroblastoma

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3 types of malignant bone tumors to know:

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* Chondrosarcoma, Osteogenic sarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma (COE tumors)

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What is the RF an autoantibody against?

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* IgM autoAb against the Fc receptor of IgG

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A pt with hypercalcemia is at risk of what GI complication?

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* Peptic ulcer disease (the high calcium stimulates increased gastrin leading to the ulcers)

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Someone with high ADH levels is gonna have decreased levels of:

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* Serum sodium (Na+)

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People who abuse anabolic steroids are most at risk for what type of cancer?

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* Hepatocellular carcinoma