Us History: World War Two

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Treaty of Versailles

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Treaty that ended World War One
It punished Germany severely and made them take the blame for the war, as well as make reparations(payments) to the Allied Nations

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Washington Disarmament Conference

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1921-1922 Sought to reduce naval arms race between US, Japan, & Britain

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

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was an international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. (It tried to declare war illegal.)

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Dawes Plan of 1924

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This was an attempt following World War I for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful.

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Clark Memorandum

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During the late 1920s, a number of American foreign policy leaders began to argue for a softer tone in U.S. relations with Latin American nations, which had been chafing under decades of intervention by the colossus to the north. It established the Good Neighbor policy. The Roosevelt Corollary was not part of the Monroe Doctrine.

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Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

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US would not recognize any territory seized by force; response to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931

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London Economic Conference

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66 nations gathered at this convention in 1933 in hopes of ending the global financial depression. It failed because the United States failed to attend as Roosevelt did not want to sacrifice any recovery at home.

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Neurtality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

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These were a series of acts created by the United States Congress that were geared toward keeping the United States out of another war. They limited arms sales to nations that were not at war.

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Appeasement

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The policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous. Britain's Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain adopted this policy in hopes of quelling Germany's growth as it took Checkoslovakia.

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Italy

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Benito Mussolini was this country's fascist dictator. It invaded Ethiopia.

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Germany

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Adolf Hitler was this country's Chancellor/Führer. It first took Austria before attempting to conquer other nations.

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Japan

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Hirohito was this country's emporer, though the military possessed much power. It invaded the Manchuria region of China.

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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

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Joseph Stalin was this country's communist dictator. It switched sides near the beginning of the war.

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United States

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Theodore Roosevelt, then Harry Truman, was President of this country. It has adopted a neutrality position prior to engaging in the war.

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Great Britain

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Neville Chamberlain, then Winston Churchill, was Prime Minister of this country. It was Europe's last hope against Germany.

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Quarantine Speech

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Given by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 5, 1937 in Chicago, it called for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention. The speech was a response to aggressive actions by Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression.

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1939 Neutrality Act

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Democracies can buy weapons from the US on a "cash and carry" basis

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Destroyer-Bases Deal

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The United States and the United Kingdom, on September 2, 1940, transferred fifty destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions.

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Four Freedoms Speech

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Goals famously articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the State of the Union Address he delivered to the United States Congress on January 6, 1941. In an address also known as the Four Freedoms speech, FDR proposed four points as fundamental freedoms humans "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:
Freedom of speech and expression.
Freedom of religion.
Freedom from want.
Freedom from fear.

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Lend-Lease Deal

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The program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, military bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies.

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Atlantic Charter

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A joint proclamation by the United States and Britain declaring that they were fighting the Axis powers to "ensure life, liberty, independence and religious freedom and to preserve the rights of man and justice." Set foundation for a later establishment of the United Nations.

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Pearl Harbor

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A single carefully-planned and well-executed stroke removed the United States Navy's battleship force as a possible threat to the Japanese Empire's southward expansion. America, unprepared and now considerably weakened, was abruptly brought into the Second World War as a full combatant.

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Battle of Midway

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Fought over and near the tiny U.S. mid-Pacific base at Midway atoll, this battle represented the strategic high water mark of Japan's Pacific Ocean war. Prior to this action, Japan possessed general naval superiority over the United States and could usually choose where and when to attack. After Midway, the two opposing fleets were essentially equals, and the United States soon took the offensive.