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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hunters-Gatherers
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People who stalked game and gathered edible plants
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Beringia
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wide land bridge between Siberia and Alaska
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Paleo-Indians
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first Americans between 12000-60000 years ago
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Qur'an
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holy book of Islam
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Crusades
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wars between 1096-1200s
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Renaissance-
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period of learning and creativity in Europe in 1400s
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Johannes Gutenberg
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Inventor of first printing press
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African diaspora
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forcible resettlement of million of Africans to Americas
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Christopher Columbus
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a mariner from Genoa, Italy who found the Americas
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Reconquista
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reconquest of Spain from Muslims
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encomienda
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the right have Indians work for Spanish person
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Batolome de Las Casas
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demanded end to ecomienda
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Treaty dividing world with a line.. west of line belonged to Spain and east of line belonged to Portugal
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Found new route to Asia from Spain around the tip of South America
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cicumnavigate
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sail completely around the world
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Hernan Cortes
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conquered Aztec Empire in Mexico
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Franciso Pizzaro
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conquered the Inca Empire in 1530s
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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Searched for the Fountain of Youth and was first European explorer in Florida
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Prostetant Reformation
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religious upheaval in England that established new churches as an alternative to Catholicism
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Spanish Armada
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Spanish fleet that tried to conquer England during reign of Queen Elizabeth and was defeated
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joint-stock companies
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two groups joined-Plymouth Company and the London Company in an attempt to mine gold and increase colonization
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Puritans
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Protestants who opposed the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England
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Mayflower Compact
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document establishing a self-governing colony based on majority rule of male church members
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Great Migration
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Thousands of Puritans left England for America
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commonwealth
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Society where everyone was guided by English law and the Bible in the first colonies
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Freeman
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adult male church member who owned property
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indentured servants
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bound for a period of years in service to the person who paid passage for them to America
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Olaudah Equiano
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12 yr. old slave who was kidnapped and sold into slavery and described his ordeal in his autobiography. called this period the Middle Passage
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Middle Passage
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the voyage across the Atlantic by slaves
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abolition
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antislavery movement
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Iroquois League
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confederation of tribes of Indians in New York and Pennsylvania in the 15th century
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Proclamation of 1763
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stopped settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Townshend Acts
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laws from England that raised taxes on common items in the Americas
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Cripus Attucks
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a sailor and escaped slave who died because of the Boston Massacre
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Boston Massacre
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Angry confrontation between British troops and colonists
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Boston Tea Party
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colonists dumped 90000 pounds of tea in Boston Harbor rather than pay taxes on it to England
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Intolerable Acts
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Four laws from Parliament in Britain to punish Massachusetts for Tea Party and to show British control over colonists
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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one of first battles in Revolutionary War where the Americans overcame the British
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Thomas Paine
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writer who encouraged war against England for freedom of America
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Declaration of Independence
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1776 document declaring independence from England
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Treaty of Paris
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1783 granted United States independence from Britain
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Shay's Rebellion
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Rebellion of land owners against high taxes by Confederate government led by Daniel Shay in 1787
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Constitutional Convention
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meetings in Philadelphia, PA to draft a plan for national government
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James Madison
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Wrote the Viginia Plan-plan to take power away from states and toward a central government
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Virginia Plan
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Shifted political power from states and toward central government
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Federalism
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division of powers between strong central government and state government
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delegated powers
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federal government powers to make money, regulate trade with foreign countries and among states, to raisean army
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reserved powers
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state powers to establish local government, oversee schools, conduct elections, regulate business and set marriage laws
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concurrent powers
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powers shared by state and federal government
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supremacy clause
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Federal constitution and federal laws override state constitutions and laws
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impeachment
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House of Representatives may remove the president if he is thought to be guilty of treason, bribery or other high crimes
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separation of powers
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keeps any part of federal government from being too powerful. Divided into three parts where each branch oversees the others
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elastic clause
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power to make laws necessary and proper to carry out the powers given the government
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Bill of Rights
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First 10 amendments providing for the rights of individuals
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Judiciary Act
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act giving government right to create a federal court and create State department, Treasury department and War department
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strict construction and loose construction
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strict construction-believed government could only do what the Constitution specifically said
loose construction-believed government could do anything that the Constitution did not forbid |
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sectionalism
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loyalty to a particular part of the ocuntry
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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Acts in 1798 that gave presidents power to expel or imprison aliens and US citizens who were dangerous to peace and safety of the USA
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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Republicans who opposed the Sedition Acts and argued the acts
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Marbury v Madison
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Basis for judicial review based on Supreme Court case
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Judicial Review
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Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
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Twelfth Amendment
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1804 requires electors to vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates on separate ballots
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Sacagawea
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Shoshone Indian woman who was a guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark's expedition out west
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Embargo Act
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1807 act that stopped shipments of food and other American products to all foreign ports to prevent war
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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Battle that ended Tecumseh's dream of united Native American nation when they were defeated by whites
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Battle of New Orleans
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British-American battle of 1815 after the signing of the peace treaty. Americans won
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Treaty of Trent
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1814-signing of treaty giving Americans control over Northwest Territory
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nationalism
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national pride and loyalty
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Tariff Act of 1816
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Placed 25% tax on most imported factory goods
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Monroe Doctrine
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US declared any European attempt to revive old colonies or establish new ones a threat to US safety and peace
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American system
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program of federal economic development with 3 points
recreation of national bank protective tariff to encourage US manufacturing national transportation system |
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market revolution
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creation of national markets to increase profits
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Missouri Compromise
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Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non slave state to keep balanced Congress
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doctrine of nullification
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President Calhoun stated states had the right to nullify or refuse to obey act of Congress they considered unconstitutional
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Indian Removal Act
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provided for relocation (by force if needed) of Indians living east of the Mississippi to Indian Territory west of Mississippi
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Osceola
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Leader of Seminole Indians in 1840 who urged a revolt against moving to Indian Territory
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Second Seminole War
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Resistance in Florida to moving to Indian Territory. Most costly Indian War (1835-1842)
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nativism
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favoring of native born Americans over foreign born
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yeoman farmers
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small white farmers who grew their own food and raised some crops for cash in the south.
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cotton gin
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Eli Whitney invention to pick cotton
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overseers
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planation workers who managed slaves
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Underground Railroad
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network of white and black abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom in the North and Canada
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Harriet Tubman
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An escaped slave who helped others escape using the Underground Railroad
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Second Great Awakening
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A wave of revival that renewed the faith and religion of people in 1790s
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utopias
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communities that experimented with new ways of organizing family life, work and property ownership
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temperance movement
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group trying to persuade others to limit alcohol use
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Horace Mann
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Secretary of Education who set up the program of free public education
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Frederick Douglass
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was runaway slave who spoke and wrote about he things that were wrong with the slave system
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Seneca Falls Convention
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marked the beginning of women's movement for rights
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suffrage
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the right to vote
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Texas Revolution
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Rebellion in 1822 against Mexican control of Texas
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James K. Polk
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President who supported Texas joining the United States
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Mexican War
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War with Mexico to gain Texas as part of the USA
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Oregon Trail
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Trail used by thousands of settlers from Missouri to Oregon
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Mariposa War
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War by Indians against miners and settlers pushing them off their land
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Dred Scott
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Slave living in free state sued for his freedom in the Supreme Court and lost.
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Gettysburg Address
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Dedication of cemetery by Lincoln also a statement of democratic ideals
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Elizabeth Blackwell
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America's first licensed female doctor
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Clara Barton
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A nurse who worked serving the Union Army
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conscription
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drafting men into the army
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Coppperheads
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Democrats in North who opposed the war
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Emancipation Proclamation
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declared that all slaves in areas rebelling against the US would be free on January 1, 1863
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Martin Delaney
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first black promoted to major
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war of attrition
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North would fight until South ran out of men, supplies and will to fight
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total war
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strike at enemy's economic resources, so North destroyed everything in the South
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Thirteenth Amendment
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Passed in 1865 to abolish slavery
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black codes
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laws limiting former slaves freedom
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Thaddeus Stevens
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Radical from Pennsylvania who believed that land reform could change southern society
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Civil Rights Act 1866
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declared everyone born in US full citizens with full civil rights
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Fourteenth Amendment
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1866 extended citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the US including African Americans
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Fifteenth Amendment
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1869-no vote shall be denied or changed based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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Reconstruction Acts 1867
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divided former Confederacy into 5 military districts to be overseen by Union troops
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Compromise of 1877
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Democrats agreed to accept Hayes as President and Republicans agreed not use use the military to enforce Reconstruction legislation
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Fought for women's rights
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Civil Rights Bill of 1875
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Prohibited discrimination by hotels and other businesses serving the public
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sharecropping
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worked a piece of land belonging to a plant for a share of the crop, a cabin, seed, tools, and a mule
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poll taxes
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fixed taxes imposed on every voter
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literacy tests
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intended to limit the vote to those who could read
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Jim Crow laws
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laws designed to keep races separate. Segregation
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Supreme Court ruled (1896) that separate, but equal did NOT violate the 14th Amendment
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Booker T. Washington
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former slave who founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881
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Ida Wells Barnett
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teacher and journalist who protested discrimination and segregated schools
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