Urinary Disorders/cancer

Front 1

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH

Back 1

noncancerous enlargement or hypertrophy of the prostate. BPH is the most common pathologic condition in older men and the second most common cause of surgical intervention in men older than 60 years of age.

Front 2

Bowen's disease

Back 2

form of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penile shaft

Front 3

cryosurgery of the prostate

Back 3

localized treatment of the prostate by application of freezing temperatures

Front 4

penile cancer

Back 4

represents about 0.5% of malignancies in men in the United States; can involve the glans, the body of the penis, the urethra, and regional or distant lymph nodes

Front 5

prostate cancer

Back 5

the most common cancer in men; risk factors include increasing age, African American race, and possibly a high-fat diet; the genetic association of prostate cancer and the increased incidence within certain families are being investigated

Front 6

prostate gland

Back 6

gland that lies just below the neck of the bladder, surrounds the urethra, and is traversed by the ejaculatory duct, a continuation of the vas deferens; produces a secretion that is chemically and physiologically suitable to the needs of the spermatozoa in their passage from the testes

Front 7

prostate-specific antigen (PSA

Back 7

substance that is produced by the prostate gland and measured in a blood specimen; PSA levels are increased with prostate cancer; the PSA test is used in combination with digital rectal examination to detect prostate cancer

Front 8

prostatism

Back 8

obstructive and irritative symptom complex that includes increased frequency and hesitancy in starting urination, a decrease in the volume and force of the urinary stream, acute urinary retention, and recurrent urinary tract infections

Front 9

prostatitis

Back 9

inflammation of the prostate gland caused by infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma) or various other problems (eg, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia

Front 10

testicular cancer

Back 10

the most common cancer in men 15 to 35 years of age and the second most common malignancy in those 35 to 39 years of age; its cause is unknown

Front 11

transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR or TURP)

Back 11

resection of the prostate through endoscopy; the surgical and optical instrument is introduced directly through the urethra to the prostate, and the gland is then removed in small chips with an electrical cutting loop

Front 12

aldosterone

Back 12

hormone synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex; causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

Front 13

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 13

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water; also called vasopressin

Front 14

anuria

Back 14

total urine output less than 50 mL in 24

Front 15

bacteriuria

Back 15

bacteria in the urine; bacterial count higher than 100,000 colonies/mL

Front 16

creatinine

Back 16

endogenous waste product of muscle energy metabolism

Front 17

frequency

Back 17

voiding more frequently than every 3 h

Front 18

glomerulus

Back 18

tuft of capillaries forming part of the nephron through which filtration occurs

Front 19

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Back 19

volume of plasma filtered at the glomerulus into the kidney tubules each minute; normal rate is approximately 120 mL/min

Front 20

oliguria

Back 20

total urine output less than 400 mL in 24 h

Front 21

pyuria

Back 21

white blood cells in the urine

Front 22

renal clearance

Back 22

volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a specific solute (eg, creatinine); expressed in milliliters per minute

Front 23

specific gravity

Back 23

reflects the weight of particles dissolved in the urine; expression of the degree of concentration of the urine

Front 24

tubular reabsorption

Back 24

movement of a substance from the kidney tubule into the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

Front 25

tubular secretion

Back 25

movement of a substance from the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta into the kidney tubule

Front 26

urea nitrogen

Back 26

nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism

Front 27

cystectomy

Back 27

removal of the urinary bladder

Front 28

cystitis

Back 28

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Front 29

functional incontinence

Back 29

physical impairments make it difficult or impossible for the patient to reach the toilet in time for voiding

Front 30

iatrogenic incontinence

Back 30

the involuntary loss of urine due to extrinsic medical factors, predominantly medications

Front 31

ileal conduit

Back 31

transplantation of the ureters to an isolated section of the terminal ileum, with one end of the ureters brought to the abdominal wall

Front 32

interstitial cystitis

Back 32

inflammation of the bladder wall that eventually causes disintegration of the lining and loss of bladder elasticity

Front 33

neurogenic bladder

Back 33

bladder dysfunction that results from a disorder or dysfunction of the nervous system; may result in either urinary retention or bladder overactivity, resulting in urinary urgency and urge incontinence
Spastic is most common (lesion spinal cord)

Front 34

overflow incontinence

Back 34

involuntary urine loss associated with overdistention of the bladder due to mechanical or anatomic bladder outlet obstruction

Front 35

pyelonephritis

Back 35

inflammation of the renal pelvis

Front 36

reflex incontinence

Back 36

involuntary loss of urine due to hyperreflexia or involuntary urethral relaxation in the absence of normal sensations; usually associated with micturition (voiding)

Front 37

stress incontinence

Back 37

involuntary loss of urine through an intact urethra as a result of a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure

Front 38

suprapubic catheter

Back 38

a urinary catheter that is inserted through a suprapubic incision into the bladder

Front 39

urge incontinence

Back 39

involuntary loss of urine associated with urinary urgency due to hypersensory disorders of the bladder, motor instability, or both

Front 40

ureterosigmoidostomy

Back 40

transplantation of the ureters into the sigmoid colon, allowing urine to flow through the colon and out the rectum

Front 41

ureterovesical or vesicoureteral reflux

Back 41

backward flow of urine from the bladder into one or both ureters

Front 42

urosepsis

Back 42

sepsis resulting from infected urine, most often a UTI

Front 43

Bladder ca risk factors

Back 43

Smoking
Exp to carcinogens
Recurrant UTIS
Bladder stone
High Cholestoral
CA from prostate, colon rectum
Chromnis urinary retention req cath

Front 44

Baldder cancer
Diagnosis

Back 44

Cytoscopy is GOLD standard

Front 45

Bladder Cancer
Most Common Type

Back 45

Transitional cell then sqamous cell

Front 46

Bladder Cancer Stages

Back 46

Tis: cancer in situ
Ta: non invasive papillary ca
T1: invasion of subepithelial tissue
T2: Invasion of Muscle Layer
T#: Invasion of perivesical tissue
T4: Invasion of nearby tissues

Front 47

Prostate Cancer
Risk Factors

Back 47

Age
RAce
Fm History
Diet(sat fat)

Front 48

Penile Cancer
Staging

Back 48

Stage 1: Ca has only effected the glans and or foreskin
Stage 2: Ca has spread o the shaft
Stage 3: Ca has affected penis and lymph nodes
Stage 4: Ca has moved beyond the groin to other body parts
Recurrant: Ca has returned after treatment

Front 49

Bladder Capacity

Back 49

300-500 mL

Front 50

Kidneys
Function

Back 50

Remove liq waste from the blood (urine)
Keep stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood
Produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of refd blood cells.

Front 51

Most reliable indicator of kidney function

Back 51

creatinine levels

Front 52

Causes and tx of transient incontinence (DIAPPERS)

Back 52

Delirium
Infection of urinary tract
Atrophic vaginitis, urethritis
Pharmacologic agents (anticholinergics, sedatives, alcohol, analgesics, diuretics, muscle relaxants, adrenergic agents)
Psychological factors (depression, regression)
Excessive urine production (increased intake, diabetes insipidus, diabetic ketoacidosis)
Restricted activity
Stool impaction

Front 53

Types of Calculi
Calcium

Back 53

increase in ca in diet

Front 54

Types of Calculi
Uric Acid

Back 54

foods high in purine(shellfish,anchovies, asparagus, mushrooms and organ meats)

Front 55

Urnie formation
Steps

Back 55

1. Glomular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion

Front 56

Glomular filtration

Back 56

Glomeruli filter blood as it follos through the kidneys; creating filtrate

Front 57

Tubular reabsorption

Back 57

The movement of substances from the filtrate into plasma

Front 58

Tubular Secretion

Back 58

The movement of substances from plasma into renal tubesules to be excreted