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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concert of Europe |
- Multilateral meetings to solve problems - Between Napoleonic wars & WW1 |
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League of Nations |
- Organization to prevent war - Founded 1920 - 1 assembly, 1 council - Couldn't prevent World War II |
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Unity for Peace Resolution |
In case of deadlock in Security Council and UN can't maintain peace and security the General Assembly shall take over the issue and give recommendations/actions to restore peace & security. |
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Hague Conferences |
VERY IMPORTANT! - Did shape today's UN, the whole system advanced - Techniques to prevent war, how to deal with war, responsibility in war etc. - First time smaller countries outside Europe participated and had equal voice |
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Pacta Sunt Servanda |
"Avtal skall hållas" - Basic principle of civil and international law |
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Trusteeship Council |
- Originally created to oversee administration of non-self-governing territories that carried over from the old League of Nations - Hjälpa före detta kolonier att utvecklas |
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International Court of Justice |
- The judicial arm of UN - Settles disputes which members must bring before it (non-compulsory jurisdiction) - 15 judges, 9 years mandate |
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ECOSOC |
- Supply with researches, studies and reports - Draft multilateral conventions for the General Assembly - Economic and social issues - Grouped into different bodies - 54 members elected by GA - 3 years mandate (1/3 change at a time - Drugs, trade, refuges etc. |
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UN General Assembly VOTING |
- A one-state/one-vote system - Most resolutions a simple majority to approve - Important issues 2/3 majority - Today geographically voting blocks |
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UN Security Council |
- Maintain peace and security - 15 members - 5 permanent - 10 non-permanent (elected by GA, 2 years mandate) - Settle disputes peacefully (chapter VI) - Meet threats to peace with the concerted action of the org. (ch. VII) - Give recommendations, take actions with resolutions or sanctions |
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Non-permanent members in the Security Council and groups |
- Elected from geographic groups (5 Asia/Africa, 1 East Europe, 2 West Europe, 2 Latin America) TODAYS NON PERMANENT MEMBERS ARE: Angola, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Spain, Venezuela |
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General Assembly |
- 193 members, presented equality FUNCTIONS: Resolutions, budget approval, drafting multilateral treaties - Can consider any matter within the UN Charter and make non-binding resolutions - Meets in yearly sessions |
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General Assembly and the committees |
The GA is divided to 6 committees, 193 members in each: 1. Disarment + international security 2. Economic + financial 3. Social, cultural, humanitarian 4. Trusteeship 5. Administration + budget 6. Legal |
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UN Secretary |
- Executive arm of UN - Implementation of other bodies decision - Staff from member states - Wide mandat - internal "housekeeping duties" - experties/specialist |
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The General Assembly PRESIDENCY |
NO PERMANENT MEMBER OF SECURITY COUNCIL HAS SERVED THE UNGA PRESIDENCY! - Voted by the General Assembly on yearly basis - President presides over sessions - Magen Lykkeloft of Denmark current president |
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UN Secretary General NOMINATION |
1. Security Council nominate 2. General Assembly ratify election with 2/3 majority |
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UN Secretary General |
5 years term - Manager of the UN, chief officer (article 97) - Can bring whatever he wants to the attention of the Security Council as may threaten peace and security (article 99) - The office has created its own functions and rolls DIPLOMACY BULLY BULLPIT = speak of universal values and interests of humanity NORM ENTREPRENOUR = promote new norms & values in the world |
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Role of the UN Secretary General |
- Significant role as spokesperson (intiativtagare) - Political figure and moral voice - Key factor in the emergence of the UN as an independent actor - Every General has taken his own way |
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Finances |
NO INDEPENDENT SOURCE OF MONEY - Money from members (ability to pay, based on GNI) - Contributes voluntary to some projects (like UNICEF) - Costs has rised, peacekeeping efforts high cost - Problem with member states dosen't pay - Crise in 1990s |
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International Anarchy |
- States exists in a anarchic international system - States have to really on themselves and protect themselves - A realistic theory = int.org. dosen't carry much weight, they only reflect the interest of their members |
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Pluralistic Liberal System |
- States are not unitary actors, they are pluralistic - Cooperation important and international rules & institutions makes it possible - States are important but IGOs also important - The world can change |
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Chapter VI |
PEACEFULL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES - Peaceful methods shall be used 1. Mediation 2. Adjudication (ICJ, ICC) 3. Preventive diplomacy |
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UN Charter & sovereignty |
UN is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members. |
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Types of peacekeeping operations |
1. Traditional Between states, unarmed/lightly armed, effective where there is a ceasefire or peace agreement to uphold, longstanding (MiddleEast, Kashmir) 2. Complex, multidimensional Weak institutions, humanitarian emergencies, larger operations (Somalia, Angola, Rwanda), civil war. Problems: Selectivity, why Somalia and not Sudan? Political will? |
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Chapter VII |
Security Councils power to maintain peace - Makes it possible to use military and non-military actions to restore peace and security - Tyngst kapitelet och största makten |
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Uniting for Peace Resolutions |
Suez & Hungary (1956) Middle East (1958, 1967, 1980, 1982) Congo (1960) Palestine - Israel (1997) Bangladesh (1971) Afghanistan (1980) Namibia (1981) |
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Security Council Presidency |
- Comes from the Security Councils member states - Rotates monthly > alphabetic order - Role to open meetings, approve agendas, overseeing crises, speak to press |
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Procedural vs. Substantive matters |
Procedural = 9 av 15 ja-röster för ett beslut Substantive (disputes and sanctions) = 9 ja-röster, alla vetomakter måste rösta ja |
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UN & Cold War |
- Extremely problematic work for Security Council - Deadlocks, some conflicts (Vietnam) were not brought to the council - New memberships almost impossible (vetos were used) - No unity among the great powers |
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Korean War |
- UN protected South Korea, China North Korea - UN could intervene because of the non present of Soviet in the Security Council during this period - During this time the Uniting for Peace Resolutions were made up |
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Collective Security |
Political, regional, global in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all! |
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Soft law vs. Hard law |
Soft law: Not binding, international agreements are often soft law Hard law: Binding, treaties are considered hard law |
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SHORT ESSAY: "Selection process to appoint Secretary General" |
- 5 years term
- Process very political - All are from relative small states Security Council recommend > General Assembly vote (2/3 majority) - Veto can make trouble |
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SHORT ESSAY: "Selection process to appoint judges to International Court of Justice" |
- 15 judges - 9 years term (five selected every third year) - Must have highest judicial body fr. home+competence in international law - Distributed by geographic regions Judges are nominated from nation groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration > Elected by the General Assembly and Security Council |
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Secretary Generals thru the years |
Trygve Li (1946-1953) Dag Hammarskjöld (1953-1961) U Thant (1962-1971) Kurt Waldheim (1972-1981) Javier de Perez (1982-1991) Butros Boutros-Ghali (1992-1996) Kofi Annan (1997-2007) Ban Ki-Moon (2007 - present) |
