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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Class Conciousness
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Conflicting classes existed, in part, because many individuals cam to believe they existed and developd an appropriate sense of class feeling
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Coke
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A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use
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Chartism
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Agitation against poor laws
Working class discontent |
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People's Charter
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Draft of Reform Bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections...six main points.
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Combination Acts
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Passed in 1799 adn 1800; these cats outlawed unions and strikes.
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Economic Nationalism
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The Idea that countries should protect and foster their own businesses by imposing high protective tariffs on imported goods as wall as eliminating tariffs within the country.
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Factory Act of 1833
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This act limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen adn eighteen to twelve hours.
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Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
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Organized by Owen in 1834, this was one of the largest and most visionary early trade unions.
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Industrial Revolution
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A term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes witnessed in certain industries.
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Iron Law of Wages
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Because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to the subsistence level, meaning wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.
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Luddites
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Handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in N. England in 1812 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.
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Mines Act of 1842
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This act prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under 10.
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Protective Tariff
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A gov't way of supporting adn aiding their own economy by laying high tarrifs on the cheaper imported goods of another country.
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Antiseptic Principle
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Developed by English Surgeon Joseph Lister, it was the idea that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound would destroy aerial bacteria.
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Benthamite
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Follower of the radical philosopher Jeremy Bentham who taught that public problems should be dealt with on a rational scientific basis and according to the greatest good for the greatest number.
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Defense Mechanisms
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Frueds theory that much of human behavior is motivated by unconcious emotional needs whose nature and origins are kept from concious awareness by various mental devices.
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Evolution
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The idea, applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment
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Germ Theory
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The theory, contrary to the miasmatic theory, that disease was SPREAD through filth, not caused by it.
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Illegitimacy Explosion
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Period between 1750 and 1850 marked by a high number fo illegitimate births.
By the 1840s, as many as one in three was an illegitimate child in many large cities. |
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Labor Aristocracy
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Highly skilled workers who made up about 15% of the working classes at the turn of the 20th century.
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Miasmatic Theory
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The belief that people contrat disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and purifying excrement
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Organic CHemistry
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The Study of the compounds of carbon
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Pasteurization
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Process developed by Louis Pasteur that supressed the activity of living organisms in a beverage by heating it.
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Positivist Method
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Auguste Compte's disciplineof sociology, which postulated that each branch of our knowledge passes through three different theoretical conditions:Theological, or fictitious, Metaphysical, or abstract, and Scientific, or positive
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Realism
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Literary movement which stressed that literature should depict life exactly as it was.
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Seperate Spheres
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A rigid gender division of labor with woman as homemaker and wife and man as husband and wage earner
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Social Darwinists
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Group of thinkers popular with the upper middle class who saw the human race as driven foreward to ever-greater specialization and progress by the unending economic struggle which would determine the survival of the fittest.
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Thermodynamics
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A branch of physics built on Newton's laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy.
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Battle of Peterloo
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A protest that took place at St. Peter's fields in Manchester that was broken up by an armed cavalry in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
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Carlsbad Decrees
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Issued in 1819, these decrees required the 38 German member states to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers.
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The Communist Manifesto
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Pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels.
Basis of Socialism. |
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Congress of Vienna
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A meeting of Prussia, Russia, Austria and Great Britain to fashion a peace settlement having defeated France.
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Corn Laws
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Laws revised in 1815 that prohibited importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels.
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Doers
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According to Count Henri de Saint-Simon:
The leading scientists, engineers and industrialists. Would plan the economy and guide it foreward by undertaking public works projects and establishment investment banks. |
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Dual Revolution
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A term that historian Eric Hobsbawn used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse, reinforcing each other.
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Great Famine
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The result of four years of crop failure in Ireland, a country that was dependant on potatoes as a dietary staple.
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Holy Alliance
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An alliance formed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia in Sept. of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
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Laissez Faire
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Economic Liberalism that believes in unrestricted free enterprise and no gov't interference in the economy.
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Liberalism
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The principle ideas of which are liberty and equality, demanded representative gov't and equality before the law as well as the basic individual freedoms.
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Nationalism
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The idea that each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity.
This cultural unity was self-evident, manifesting itself esp. in a common language, history, and territory. |
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Parasites
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Henri de St-Simon's theory:
The court, the aristocracy, and lawyers and churchmen. Key to progress was social organization which required parasites to give way to the doers. |
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Proletariat
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modern working class
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Romanticism
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A movement that was revolting against classicism and the enlightenment, it was characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontneity in both art and personal life.
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Socialism
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A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society.
It was a move towards cooperation and a sense of community. The Key ideas were panning, greater economic equality, adn state regulation of property. |
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Sturm und Drang
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German eraly romantics of the 1770s and 1780s who lived lives of tremendous emotional intensity-suicides, duels, madness, and strange illnesses were common.
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Sir Richard Arkwright
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Invented Water Frame
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Benjamin Disraeli
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British Conservative.
Extended vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base. |
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Fredrich Engels
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CONDITION OF WORKING CLASS IN ENGLAND
Society's problems caused by cpitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx. |
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Factory Act of 1833
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Created Factory workday or children between 9 and 13 as 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home. Outlawed child labor under 9. Factory owners required to establish schools. Destroyed family unit.
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Charles Fourier
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French social theorist.
Criticized capitalism. Wanted Socialist utopia and the emancipation of women. THEORY OF THE FOUR MOVEMENTS. |
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Karl Marx
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German. Father of Socialism. Author of COMMUNIST MANIFESTO with Fredrich Engels.
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Robert Owen
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Scottish. Spoke out about hiring children. Created mills in New Harmony.
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Henry Palmerston
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Hawkish English Foreign Minister during revolutions of 1848.
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Poor Law
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1834.
Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Very favorable to employers. |
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First Reform Bill
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1832.
Modified the old political system by easing voter qualifications. Abolished some smaller boroughs. |
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Second Reform Bill
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1867.
Conservatives and liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters. |
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Tory
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Political party in Britain controlled by the aristocracy.
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Utopeian Socialism
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Ideal society based on socialist ideals. Louis Blanc and Chalres Fourier.
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James Watt
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Added a condenser to Newcomen's steam engine to make it more efficient. Led to steam becoming a viable source of power.
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Whig
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British Party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.
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