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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of blood |
- transport of dissolved substances - regulation of pH and ions - restriction of fluid losses at injury sites (coagulation) - defense against toxins and pathogens (white blood cells) - stabilization of body temperature |
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General characteristics of blood (temperature, viscosity, pH) |
- 38° C (100.4° F) - high viscosity compared to water (scale from 1-300, 1 is water, 300 is honey, blood is 4) - slightly alkaline pH (7.35 - 7.45) |
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How do you calculate blood volume and what are the average adult blood volumes (male and female) |
7% of body weight in kilograms Average male = 5-6 liters Average female = 4-5 liters |
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What are the components of whole blood |
- plasma (fluid): 46-63% of blood volume - formed elements: rbc's, wbc's, platelets - plasma proteins: 7% of plasma composition |
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Components of plasma |
92% water, 7% plasma proteins (3 different types: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), 1% nutrients and hormones |
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What are the three types of plasma proteins and what is the percentage in blood |
Albumins (60%) Globulins (35%) Fibrinogen (4%) ~1% are enzymes and hormones |
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Functions of albumins (plasma protein) |
Transport substances (fatty acids, thyroid/steroid hormones) and maintains osmotic pressure |
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2 types of globulins and their functions (plasma protein) |
- immunoglobulins (antibodies): attack foreign pathogens and proteins - transport globulins (small molecules): hormone binding proteins, metalloproteins, apolipoproteins, steroid binding proteins (bind small ions, compounds, and hormones that otherwise might be lost at the kidneys) |
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Fibrinogen functions (plasma protein) |
- Molecules form clots - produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin |
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What is serum |
Liquid part of the blood sample in which dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin |
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Difference between serum and plasma |
Plasma can clot, serum cannot |
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What are the formed elements of blood and what are their percentages |
- Erythrocytes (rbc's): 99.9% of formed elements - leukocytes (wbc's): less than 1% - platelets (cell fragments): less than 1% |
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1 microliter of blood contains how many rbc's for adult female and male |
Female: 4.2 - 5.5 million Male: 4.5 - 6.3 million |
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Hematocrit levels for males and females |
Male: 40%-54%, average is 46% Female: 37%-47%, average is 42% |
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Hemoglobin value for males and females |
Male: 14-18 g/dL Female: 12-16 g/dL |
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What does hematocrit measure |
Packed cell volume |
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Lifespan of adult rbc's and what do they lack (plus the significance of them being absent) |
- They lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosome - these are not directly related to its primary function of transporting respiratory gases - they cannot divide or repair themselves, making their lifespan relatively short - they live about 120 days |
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Why is the biconcave disc shape of rbc's so important |
- high surface to volume ratio (quickly absorbs and releases oxygen) - discs form stacks (smoothes flow through narrow blood vessels) - discs bend and flex (to enter small capillaries) |
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Structure of hemoglobin |
Has 4 globular protein subunits (each with 1 molecule of heme that contains 1 iron ion) |
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Function of hemoglobin |
- Transports O2 and CO2 - iron ions allow hemoglobin to associate with O2 (oxyhemoglobin), dissociate from O2 (deoxyhemoglobin), and provide pigment to the blood |
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How are rbc's recycled and how often do they wear out |
- 1% of circulating rbc's wear out per day (~4 million per second) - macrophage of highly vascularized areas (liver, spleen, bone marrow) monitor and engulf rbc's before membranes rupture (hemolyze) |
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How is hemoglobin recycled |
Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components - globular proteins to amino acids - transferrin is the recycling of iron - heme converted to biliverdin |
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Describe the process of hemopoiesis and what it requires |
- The process of blood cell formation - erythropoiesis: rbc formation that occurs only in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) where stem cells mature to rbc's - rbc formation requires amino acids, iron, vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid |
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Characteristics of leukocytes |
- Don't have hemoglobin - have nuclei/other organelles - have amoeboid movement - positive chemotaxis - can be phagocytic (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) |
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Functions of leukocytes and how many are in blood |
- defend against pathogens - remove toxins and wastes - small number in blood (5000-10000 per microliter) |
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Neutrophils (structure, function, and %) |
- have 3-5 lobes - granulocyte (contains vesicles) - first to attack bacteria, engulf and digest pathogens - release prostaglandins and leukotrienes - form pus - lifespan is 30 minutes to 10 hours - 50-70% |
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Eosinophils (structure, function, %) |
- bi lobed - granulocyte - excrete toxic compounds - attack large parasites and objects coated with antibodies - sensitive to allergens - control inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils/mast cells - 1-5% |
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Basophils (structure, function, %) |
- looks like lump of coal - granulocyte - accumulate in damaged tissue - release histamine which dilated blood vessels, increase capillary permiability - release heparin which prevents blood clotting - less than 1% |
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Monocytes (structure, function, %) |
- bean shaped nucleus - enter peripheral tissues for 24 hours and become macrophage after - engulf large particles/pathogens - secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area - 2-8% |
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Lymphocytes |
- sliver of undyed cell - part of the bodies specific defense system (3 types: T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells) - 20-30% |
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Structure and functions of platelets |
- Cell fragments that are involved in coagulation - 1/3 reserved for emergencies - release important clotting chemicals - temporarily patch damaged vessel walls - actively contract tissue after clot formation |
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How many platelets in 1 microliter of blood |
150,000 - 500,000 |
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Platelet production |
Also called thrombocytopoiesis - occurs in red bone marrow - megakaryocytes maufacture platelets from cytoplasm - Controlled by hormone thrombopoietin |
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Intermediary cells: hemopoiesis |
- hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells) in red bone marrow divide - produce two types of cells: myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells - myeloid stem cells divide to produce red blood cells and white blood cells - lymphoid stem cells produce wbcs (lymphocytes) |
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Stages of rbc maturation: erythropoiesis |
- proerythroblast - basophilic erythroblast - polychromatophilic erythroblast - normoblast (ejection of nucleus) - reticulocyte (enters bloodstream) - mature rbc |
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Hormones controlling cell differentiation |
- hormone erythropoietin (EPO) directly stimulates erythropoiesis - hormones thyroxine, androgens, growth hormone all indirectly stimulate erythropoiesis |
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What surface antigens (agglutinogens) and antibodies (agglutinins) does each blood type have |
A: surface antigen A, anti-B antibody B: surface antigen B, anti-A antibody AB: surface antigens A and B, no antibodies O: no surface antigens, anti-A and B antibodies |
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What does RH do to blood type |
If RH is negative, so is blood type. If it is positive, so is the blood type |
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Erythroblast fetalis and how to prevent it |
- when the fetus has a different blood type than the mom - anti Rh is the only antibody to cross from mom to baby - if the mom is Rh+, it will be fine since there are no anti-Rh antibodies - if the mom is Rh- and the baby is Rh+, this will sensitize the mom and trigger production of anti-Rh antibodies - the first baby will be ok since the moms body has not built the antibodies yet, but subsequent babies would be in more danger - RhoGam shot is the treatment: it destroys fetal rbc's before they can sensitize the moms immune system |
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Cross reaction |
- plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen - blood will agglutinate and hemolyze if donor and recipient blood types are not compatible |
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Mechanisms that control blood loss after an injury |
- vascular spasm (30 minute contraction) - platelet plug: development of clot isolated the area - clotting factors: or procoagulants that are required for normal clotting (vitamin k and calcium) |
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Hemostasis: reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting |
VASCULAR PHASE - endothelial cells conteact to expose the basal lamina to bloodstream - endothelial cells release chemical factors (ADP, tissue factor, prostacyclin) and local hormones (stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell division) - endothelial cell membranes become sticky to seal off blood flow PLATELET PHASE - begins within 15 seconds after injury - platelet adhesion to stick endothelial surfaces, basal laminae, exposed collagen fibers - platelet aggregation forms platelet plug and closes small breaks COAGULATION PHASE - begins 30 seconds or more after injury - coagulation involves a series of steps that converts circulating fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin - blood clot (fibrin network, cov we rs platelet plug, traps blood cells, seals off area) |
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t-PA activation and functions |
- used during fibrinolysis (the slow process of dissolving a clot) - thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), which is released at damaged tissues at the site of injury, activate plasminogeplasminogem produces olasmin which digests fibrin strands |
