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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognition |
what goes on in our heads where we carry out our everyday activities. Involves cognitive processes, like thinking, remembering, learning, daydreaming, decision-making, seeing, reading, writing and talking. |
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2 general modes of cognition (Norman 1993)
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- experiental cognition - reflective congition |
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experiental cognition |
a state of mind in which we perceive, act and react to events around us effectively and effortesly. e.g. driving a car, reading a book, having a conversation |
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reflective cognition |
involves thinking, comparing and decision-making. This kind of cognition is what leads to new ideas and creativity. e.g. designing, leaning |
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different cognitive processes: |
- attention - memory - perception and recognition - learning - reading, speaking and listening - problem-solving, planning, reasoning and decision-making |
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attention |
- the process of selecting things to concentrate on, at a point in time, from a range of possibilities available. - involves our auditory and/or visual senses. - allows us to focus on informantion that is relevant to what we are doing. |
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our goals |
- if we know what we want to fond out, we try to match this with the information that is available. - if we don't know what we want, we may browse through information, allowing to guide our attention to interesting or salient items |
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information presentation |
the way information is displayed can also greatly influence how easy or difficult to attend to appropriate pieces of information. |
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design implications of attention |
- make information noticable when ir needs attending to at a given stage - use techniques like animated graphics, colour, underlining, ordering of items etc, to achieve it - avoid cluttering the interface with too much information search engines and form fill-ins that are simple are much easier to use |
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perception |
- refers to how information is acquired from the environment, via the different sense of organs and transformed into experiences of objects, events, sounds and tastes. - it is complex, involving other cognitive processes such as memory, attention and language - most dominant senses first vision, second hearing and then touch |
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desing implications of perception |
- icons and other graphical repesentations should enable users to readily distinguish their meaning - bordering and spacing are effective visual ways of grouping information - sounds should be audible and distinguishable - speech output should enable users to distinguish between a set of spoken words and understand the meaning - text should be legible and distinguishable from the background - feedback should be distinguishable |
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memory |
- involves recalling various kinds of knowledge that allow us to act appropriately. - very versatile,enabling us to do many things - filtering process is used - people are better recalling things than recognising them |
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2 memory processes of remembering (Mark Lansdale and Ernest Edmonds 1992) |
recall-directed following by recognition-based |
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recall-directed |
- use memorised information about the required file to get as close to it as possible |
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recognition-based |
when recall has failed remembering happening by reading through a list |
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memory load |
- the requirement of remember and recall passwords and memorable words puts a big memory load on customers |
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design implications of memory |
- do not overload users' memories with complicated procedures - design interfaces that promote recognition rather than recall - provide users with a variety of ways of encoding digital information to help them remember where they stored them (categories, colours, flagging, time stampling) |
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learning |
- it can be considered in terms of how to use a computer-based applicaton or using a computer based application to understand a topic - people find it hard to learn from instructions and manuals, instead they prefer to learn through doing |
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training wheels
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restricting the possible functions that can be carried out by a novice to the basics then expecting these as the novice becomes more experienced. - helping users focus on simple operations before moving on to more complex ones |
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dyna-linking |
- highly effective interactivity - abstract representations are linked together a more concrete illustration of what they stand for e.g diagrams linked with simulation |
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design implications of learning |
- design interfaces that encourage exploration - design interfaces that constrain and guide users to select appropriate actions - dynamically link concrete representations and abstract concepts to facilitate the learning of complex material |
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reading, speaking and listening |
- 3 forms of language processing - they similarity is that the meaning of sentences or phases is the same regardless of the mode in which it is conveyed |
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differences between reading, speaking and listening |
- written language is permanent while listening is transient - reading is quicker than speaking or listening - listening requires less cognitive effort - there are differences between people in their ability to use language - people with hearing problems are restricted in the way they process language - dyslexics have difficulties understanding and recognising written words |
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design implications of reading, speaking and listening |
- keep the length of speech-based menus and instructions to a minimum - accentuate the intonation of artifically generated voices - provide opportunities for making text large on screen |
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problem solving, planning, reasoning and decision-making |
- processes involving reflective cognition - often involve conscious processes, discussion with others, and the use of various kinds of artifacts - often involve comparing different information - novices first slow, making mistakes -experts are efficient fast and they think ahead more |
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design implications of problem solving, planning and decision-making |
- provide additional hidden information that is easy to access for users wish to understand more about how to carry out an activity more effectively - use simple and memorable functions at the interface for comutational aid intended to support rapid decision-making and planning that takes place while on the move |
