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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How we produce monoclonal antibodies |
Scientists use the immune systems of animals to produce monoclonal antibodies, a useful tool for identifying pathogens |
rat system |
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Process of making MAbs |
1.An antigen is injected into an animal (eg. a mouse) and the animal's wbcs produce antibodies against the antigen that was injected 2. Samples of WBCs are taken from the animal and then the best candidate (the one making the antibodies) is selected 3. The WBCs are put in a plastic plate with many wells in it. Using a very dilute suspension of cells in liquid ensures only one cell ends up in each well 4. The WBC making the correct antibody is selected and then cloned. The clones are grown in a lab to make lots of antibodies that all recognise the original antigen |
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Define Aseptic Techniques |
Precautions/procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens |
pro con |
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How are monoclonal anti bodies produced? |
From lots of clones of a single wbc |
clo wbc |
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How can Mbas treat cancer? |
-They can be used to specifically target cancer cells in the body. -You can use them to label cancer cells for destruction by the immune system or use them to target drugs to specific locations in the body. |
lab cel-dest tar dru |
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What are tumour markers? |
Antigens on cancer cells’ membranes which are not found on normal cells |
ant can cel |
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What are the 3 antibody methods |
Agglutination (antibodies causing microbes to stick together), Neutralisation (neutralising toxic antigens) and Recognise and bind (antibodies binding to viruses to stop them attaching to their host cells) |
agg mic-stic neut tox ant rec bi 2 vi |
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What is a Monoclonal antibody? |
An antibody produced artificially by cloning a white blood cell |
art clo |
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Define the term gene |
A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
sec cod |
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What is the function of transfer RNA + size |
(small) transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis |
tran am ac to 📍of pro syn |
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What is the function of ribosomal RNA + size? |
(Multiple sizes) combines with proteins to form ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis) |
com w/pro for rib (place of pro syn) |
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What is the function of messenger RNA+size? |
(varies) Directs amino acid sequences of proteins |
dir am aci seq o pro |
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What is the brain made up of? |
Billions of neurons |
neu |
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What is the cerebral cortex responsible for+location? |
consciousness, intelligence, memory, language (outer wrinkly bit) |
out wrin con int mem lang |
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What is the cerebellum responsible for? |
Conscious movement (balance and coordination) |
con mov bal coor |
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What is the brain stem responsible for? |
Controlling unconscious activities eg. breathing and heart beat |
unc act (eg. that one gambino song) |
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What are ways in which you can study the brain+limits? |
Electrical stimulation, MRIs and using mental health patients (limits are ethics and if treatment causes further damage) |
elec stim mum surgery nutzo tests |
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How does light enter the eye? |
Through the cornea |
🌽 |
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What does the optic nerve do? |
Carries information to the brain |
car inf 2 bra |
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What makes up a nucleotide? |
Phosphate group, simple pentose sugar and nitrogenous base |
pho gro pen sug nit bas |
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What is a covalent bond? |
Sharing a pair of electrons between 2 non-metals |
shar 2 elec bet 2 no met |
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What are hydrocarbons? |
Compounds made up of only hydrogen and carbon |
onl hyd + car |
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Differences between alliances and alkenes? |
Alkanes: have single bonds and are very unreactive Alkenes: have double bonds and are reactive |
kane-plain kene-spicy |
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What is the range of human hearing? |
20Hz-20,000Hz |
2s |
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What is amplitude? |
Maximum displacement of the wave from the equilibrium position |
max dis of wav fro equ pos |
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What happens when a polythene rod is rubbed with a duster? |
The friction causes electrons to gain energy so the electrons gain enough energy to leave the atom and “rub off” on the polythene rod. Poly rod gains electrons and therefore has negative charge |
fric=elec + energy=lea ato & rub off on rod Rod bec neg char |
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What does each codon code for? |
One amino acid |
(codon=3 bases) am |
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What are proteins? |
The building blocks of cells |
bob the b- |
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How many amino acids in humans? |
20 |
favourite day is 4- |
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what is RNA? |
A copy of DNA which is able to travel out the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, acting as a messenger |
cop out nuc to cyt mes |
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Differences between DNA and RNA? |
-DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar -DNA has 2 strands, RNA has 1 -DNA bases: C&G A&T RNA bases: C&G A&U |
sug str bas |
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What is transcription? |
The process of copying DNA in order to get it to the ribosome |
cop dna to rib |
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Why cant DNA leave the nucleus? |
It is too large and precious to move out into the cytoplasm |
lar pre |
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Describe the transcription process |
Transcribing DNA into a message |
tran dna to mes |
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Explain how the nucleus and genetic material of eukaryotic cells (plants and animals) are related to cell functions |
-The nucleus contains genetic material (the instructions that cells use for protein synthesis) -The cytoplasm is where many of the chemical reactions take place -The mitochondria is where most energy is released in respiration |
nuc cyt mit |
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Explain how the nucleus and genetic material of eukaryotic cells (plants and animals) are related to cell functions |
-The nucleus contains genetic material (the instructions that cells use for protein synthesis) -The cytoplasm is where many of the chemical reactions take place -The mitochondria is where most energy is released in respiration |
nuc cyt mit |
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Explain how the genetic material (including plasmids) of prokaryotic cells are related to cell functions |
Plasmids-(small rings of DNA) used to transfer genetic material from one cell to another Cell membrane-partially permeable and therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell Bacterial cell wall-maintains the cell’s shape and protects the cell interior |
plasmids-gen ma one to gen cell membrane-gatekeeper like christi from dance moms cell wall-corset of the cell + shield |
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Define the term ‘genome’ |
Genome: the entire genetic material of an organism |
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Describe/define “DNA” |
DNA: A polymer made up of nucleotides, forming two strands in a double helix |
pol nuc for 2 in dh |
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Explain the term “chromosome” |
Chromosome: a very long, coiled molecule of DNA |
long curly of dna |
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Explain the term “gene” |
Gene: a short section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a certain trait or protein |
short on ch cod |
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Explain the term “gene” |
Gene: a short section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a certain trait or protein |
short on ch cod |
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Explain the term “allele” |
Alleles: different versions of the same gene |
siblings kind of |
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Explain the term “variant” |
Variant: a different version of a gene |
synonym for allele |
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Explain the term “variant” |
Variant: a different version of a gene |
synonym for allele |
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Explain the term “genotype” |
Genotype: the combination of alleles an organism has for each gene |
comb of al for ea gen |
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Explain the term “phenotype” |
Phenotype: the observable characteristics of an organism |
obs char |
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Explain the term “phenotype” |
Phenotype: the observable characteristics of an organism |
obs char |
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Describe what DNA is made from |
DNA is a polymer made from 4 different nucleotides, each nucleotide consisting of a common sugar and phosphate group with one of four different bases attached to the sugar |
4 dif nuc cons of com sug + phos gro w/ 1/4 dif bad att to sug |
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What does the sequence of bases in DNA code for? |
The proteins made in protein synthesis |
pro |
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What does the sequence of bases in DNA code for? |
The proteins made in protein synthesis |
pro |
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Each set of 3 nucleotides (a codon) is... |
the code for one amino acid |
3:1 codon |
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The genome and its interaction with the environment influence the... |
development of the phenotype of an organism, most characteristics depend on instructions in the genome and are modified by interaction of the organism with its environment |
genome and interaction with environment mod cha |
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Explain the importance of amino acids in protein synthesis |
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, the properties of each protein are determined by the particular amino acids it contains and the order they are in |
blocks prop det by ami aci it con |
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What is the role of the genome in protein synthesis? |
The genome contains instructions for the polymerisation of amino acids to make proteins |
ins for poly long word of ami to ma pro |
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Describe how to use a light microscope to use a variety of plant and animal cells |
(take a thin slice of specimen if it is thick beforehand so light can pass through) 1. Take a clear slide and use a pipette to put a drop of water or mountant in the middle of it to secure the specimen in place 2. Use tweezers to place your specimen on the slide 3. Add a drop of stain if needed to make specimen easier to see 4. Place a cover slip at one end of the specimen, holding it at an angle with a mounted needle 5. Carefully lower slip onto the slide, pressing down gently with the needle so no air bubbles are trapped under it 6. Clip the prepared slide onto the stage and select the lowest powered objective lens 7. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up so that the slide is just under the objective lens, then looking into the eyepiece, move the stage down until specimen is nearly in focus 8. Adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image |
thin slice specimen in clear slide w/wat usi pip sec it in pla twe put spe on sli sta if nee for eas see cover slip at one end hold at ang w/🗻 🪡 lower cov slip onto sli pres dow gen w/🪡 clip prep slide onto sta low pow mov stag up adj |
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Explain the term “gamete” |
Gamete: reproductive sex cell (male gamete is sperm, female gamete is egg) |
gam sounds like garm and u where lacy garms when u go see him for “closure” |
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Explain the term “homozygous” |
Homozygous (alleles): identical for the same characteristic eg. BB or bb |
👨❤️💋👨 |
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Explain the term “heterozygous” |
Heterozygous (alleles): different for the same characteristics eg. Aa |
👩❤️💋👨 |
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Explain the term “heterozygous” |
Heterozygous (alleles): different for the same characteristics eg. Aa |
👩❤️💋👨 |
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Explain the term “dominant allele” |
Dominant allele: the version of a gene always expressed if you inherit one copy |
dom😈😈freaky😈😈18+ |
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Explain the term “heterozygous” |
Heterozygous (alleles): different for the same characteristics eg. Aa |
👩❤️💋👨 |
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Explain the term “dominant allele” |
Dominant allele: the version of a gene always expressed if you inherit one copy |
dom😈😈freaky😈😈18+ |
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Explain the term “recessive allele” |
Recessive allele: the version of a a gene only expressed if you inherit both copies |
sub🥺🥺bottom🥺🥺 |
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What are most phenotypic features the result of? |
Multiple genes rather than single gene inheritance |
mult not sing |
